In psychology, this is called "Reinforcement"[1] and that goes back to Skinner (1938) and Thorndike (1911).
In AI research its called "Reinforcement learning"[2]. One of the earliest papers relating reinforcement learning to AI was “Theory of Neural-Analog Reinforcement Systems”[3] by Minsky, 1954
A cool reinforcement learning demo is the DeepMind Atari video from last year[4]
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[ 0.18 ms ] story [ 9.2 ms ] threadIn AI research its called "Reinforcement learning"[2]. One of the earliest papers relating reinforcement learning to AI was “Theory of Neural-Analog Reinforcement Systems”[3] by Minsky, 1954
A cool reinforcement learning demo is the DeepMind Atari video from last year[4]
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement_learning
[3] http://www.researchgate.net/publication/36374626_Theory_of_n...
[4] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfGD2qveGdQ (this is awesome)