The Bkd Tree: A Dynamic Disk Optimized BSP Tree (medium.com)

I wonder how it performs compared to a VP tree. Yes, the VP tree has all the problems of the KD tree, i.e. it becomes unbalanced when inserting, but most fast implementations use linear search in leaf nodes instead of creating a full tree, and splitting a leaf once it exceeds its max size (which is normally around 100-1000) usually gives a pretty good vantage point. I guess the same can be done on a KD tree. In my experiments, the VP tree was the fastest tree for range queries when you can't establish a total order over your data.