I must admit that Microsoft is champion of creating tutorials and documentation about their programming languages. It is difficult to find the equivalent number of resources dedicated to one programming language as C# has.
There is Omnisharp [1] - plugin for Atom, Brackets, Emacs, SublimeText, Vim and is built-in VisualStudio Code [2]. Also you may try Mono-develop/Xamarin Studio [3] but it worth noting they were made especially for Mono. Both solutions are really pleasant to use and personally I prefer the second one since I use macOS/Linux a lot.
The C# code is the same, what's the difference? I don't get it. I seriously don't see the difference now when I launch VS and VSCode.
The only advantage of VS is the better debugging as well as analytics (GC points, hotpaths etc.) but you don't get that in most other languages anyway so it comes as a nice bonus.
Examples in tutorial uses Monaco [1] which is integrated in various Microsoft tools not only VS (Code) and also open-sourced. If you do not like it then there is i.e Ideone [2] which gives possibility to play around with C# online without tinkering with the VS installation which may be too lengthy.
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[ 3.3 ms ] story [ 51.8 ms ] thread[1]: http://www.omnisharp.net/
[2]: https://code.visualstudio.com/
[3]: https://www.xamarin.com/studio
The only advantage of VS is the better debugging as well as analytics (GC points, hotpaths etc.) but you don't get that in most other languages anyway so it comes as a nice bonus.
[1] https://microsoft.github.io/monaco-editor/index.html
[2] http://ideone.com/