Wikipedia says that Embedded Controllers [1] are microcontrollers (like an Arduino!) that control everything the OS doesn't. It looks like these slides describe how to program said microcontrollers.
I do not think this slide deck is really trying to get you to try to frankenstein something out of the board but more that there is a well established microcontroller they are using in the chromebook with a well-developed software platform to run on it. If anything the 'franken' part just comes from using the Chromium OS code and less the actually common microcontrollers.
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[ 3.4 ms ] story [ 17.2 ms ] thread[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_controller
Remember a story of GCHQ going over Guardians Macbook with a dremel and destroying every single chip capale of storing bits?