Ask HN: Learning how large companies (500+ employees) are run

How are large companies run, what do their processes look like when it comes to financial reporting (from sale to recognition to reporting), connecting budgeting->planning->strategy, delegating P&L responsibility, project planning, etc.?

I have a case of the known unknowns. And I don't know how to get the knowledge I'm looking for, besides talking to people that run large companies, and that's infeasible for me right now.

My topics above are broad and half-baked because I'm still exploring the knowledge space. I understand things on an individual level (people, teams, management, etc.) and on a really broad organizational level (structuring and defining positions and responsibilities, OKRs, strategy, etc.), but I can't seem to find any institutionalized knowledge on the intersection between big companies and detailed process documentation.

For example, I'm willing to guess that a large portion of Apple's financial backend is automated: when you purchase an iPhone at the store, that purchase is immediately transmitted through some number of channels and all the numbers end up where they're supposed to be. How else would you manage billions of dollars of cash flowing through your company? But how does Tim Cook keep a hold on the company day-to-day when it comes to monitoring, new product planning/development, etc.? How are these things taken care of on a more detailed level?

As a last thought, I read Andy Grove's High Output Management. It's a fantastic book, and gave great behind-the-scenes information. My only wish would be for him to have written a tome explaining all the gory details of how Intel was run.