The last one (ice storage air conditioning) is going to be a huge one. It doesn't depend on cycling some useless process (like moving water/rocks/air/electrons in and out of some potential gradient) -- rather, it uses a process that already needs to happen (air conditioning and chilling) and runs it at a higher efficiency and a lower price, by using cheaper night electricity and colder outside temperatures.
It also scales neatly up and down with the space being cooled; there's no inefficiencies at small scales. It's possible to add such a system (with an appropriate phase-change material) to most any air-conditioning installation -- as long as there's a varying load (if it runs 24/7 with the same load, ice storage won't do anything useful) and the system isn't weight-sensitive (i wouldn't put this aboard an aeroplane, say), there's a potential.
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[ 3.6 ms ] story [ 28.3 ms ] threadIt also scales neatly up and down with the space being cooled; there's no inefficiencies at small scales. It's possible to add such a system (with an appropriate phase-change material) to most any air-conditioning installation -- as long as there's a varying load (if it runs 24/7 with the same load, ice storage won't do anything useful) and the system isn't weight-sensitive (i wouldn't put this aboard an aeroplane, say), there's a potential.
A piston of rock carved out of the land. For now just a concept though.