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IMHO Docker is overkill for trying out a new version of gcc. Multiple versions of gcc can exist in separate directories just fine.
Not to mention chroots.
There is absolutely no need to even involve chroots or anything that needs special privilege just to run a compiler. Typically, a compiler will just read and write files. This is how it ought to work.

  1. Download gcc-8.x.y.tar.xz
  2. Untar anywhere.  I like to do this within my home directory.
  3. Run ~/stuff/gcc-8.x.y/bin/gcc
If this simplest possible thing does not work and drives you to Docker or chroots or similar things, then something fundamental is broken.