Be careful with CTEs with regard to performance, some SQL DBs can optimise by pushing predicates through to the inner queries, where for some (postgres being the one example that I know but there are probably others) a CTE presents an optimisation fence.
There is plenty of discussion about it out there (search for "postgres cte optimisation fence") including official word.
Note though that simply replacing CTE references with appropriate sub-queries simply won't work in the recursive case, and in some cases where a CTE is referred to multiple times the result may be an even less optimal query plan.
Just so you know, CTE means in this context Common Table Expression. This StackOverflow question [0] can explain a bit about it. Can be used as pseudo-views to clarify sql code.
Recursive CTEs have been implemented as UDx in Vertica, although possibly not available publicly. This is where you need to look carefully at can vs. should and carefully consider what you are trying to accomplish.
Isn't SQL Turing complete? So imo the question of "how expressive is SQL" is really just "how expressive can SQL be with reasonably useful performance".
I don't think that vanilla SQL defined in older versions of the standard is actually Turing-complete. Most commercial releases included features that made it Turing complete, and my understanding is that the most recent standard includes enough from these features that it's now Turing-complete.
Sounds like the stuff my code refactoring nightmares are made of. The opposite case is funny too though: I've seen people who fetched and deserialized the entire SQL table and then manually SELECTed by looping over it with a foreach loop and picking the right record =)
They even had their own custom logic to do table JOINs. It involved fetching and deserializing both entire tables with SELECT *, of course.
>> However, logicians proved it long time ago that first-order logic, and thus relational calculus, cannot compare cardinalities of relations, and yet we have a very simple SQL query doing precisely that.
I'm not sure what the bit about comparing cardinalities refers to. I think it relates to Trakhtenbrot's theorem, or the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem, but I'd appreciate it if someone clarified this.
As it is, my intuition is that the result mentioned is for either finite or infinite relations, or in any case for some broad case of unrestricted sentences (any formula in any language), whereas there are restricted cases where it doesn't hold (sort of like satisfiability).
Like I say, if anyone knows what this refers to, please speak up.
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[ 1.9 ms ] story [ 56.1 ms ] threadHowever, most other DBs do (e.g. Postgres, MS SQL, MySQL 8.0, MariaDB 10.2, Oracle, etc.).
Which is disappointing, given how powerful BQ and Presto/Athena are for startups.
Note though that simply replacing CTE references with appropriate sub-queries simply won't work in the recursive case, and in some cases where a CTE is referred to multiple times the result may be an even less optimal query plan.
[0] https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4740748/when-to-use-comm...
From the answers here https://stackoverflow.com/questions/900055/is-sql-or-even-ts...
It seems that SQL92 was not Turing complete but it became turing complete later on. Possibly by the same extensions added in SQL3.
See also: https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Cyclic_Tag_System
They even had their own custom logic to do table JOINs. It involved fetching and deserializing both entire tables with SELECT *, of course.
Relational calculus at its finest, me gusta.
Even if it is -- "turing complete" != "expressive".
They're rather different beasties, in fact.
I'm not sure what the bit about comparing cardinalities refers to. I think it relates to Trakhtenbrot's theorem, or the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem, but I'd appreciate it if someone clarified this.
As it is, my intuition is that the result mentioned is for either finite or infinite relations, or in any case for some broad case of unrestricted sentences (any formula in any language), whereas there are restricted cases where it doesn't hold (sort of like satisfiability).
Like I say, if anyone knows what this refers to, please speak up.
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[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakhtenbrot%27s_theorem
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6wenheim%E2%80%93Skolem_...