255 comments

[ 0.23 ms ] story [ 284 ms ] thread
This is exactly what I needed. However with great abstraction comes great responsibility: you are now the gatekeepers of keeping things efficient in the backend. If I write "require('moment')", will you blindly require, or will you require, tree-shake, minify, etc?

I guess my question is: can I trust Zero to always strive for optimum efficiency, or is it just convenience?

If your requirements include "optimum efficiency", you almost certainly are not in the sweet spot for a general purpose zero configuration product.
I guess optimum/optimal efficiency is a lot to ask for, of anyone, let alone a convention over configuration framework, but you get my point!
I think that's a valid concern. We can certainly optimize and enable tree-shaking (zero uses Parcel to bundle React and HTML). The idea is to implement common optimizations so users don't have to. But also to provide enough escape hatches so advanced users can 'eject' and fine-tune themselves.
Yes please do, I just have a pet peeve against npm modules requiring mb's of files to only use a couple functions. Knowing that Zero does tree-shaking and general optimizations for me will make me happily use for most of my projects!
I think this is really nice for when I want to hack together a quick front-end for something. Once I have a working React/Node.js set up I can really quickly build something, but what usually stops me is the dozens of packages and things I need to wire together before I can actually start building something.

`create-react-app` is also pretty good, but this seems to do a bit more. I really like the simplicity of the set up and the fact that you can also just whip up an API call or something.

I find that the best thing about create-react-app is the eject feature.

It's an instant tutorial on how this damn mad hatter of an ecosystem works. They heavily commented the thing too !

Honestly, any lecture on react should have a part where people ejects and read the source code.

Having Markdown rendered as HTML is basically all I want when I'm standing up a single web page or a small website. This is definitely something I'll bookmark for later.
Why is this any different than say, next.js?
Next.js does file-based routing for React pages. This does the same for your API functions too.
server is down (yay for proof of scalability ;)) so i can't tell for sure, but it looks like it's derived/based on next.js and comes from the same authors
server is up again and it wasn't the case.

the page and code styling misleaded me

My first thought is it doesn't have enough features or too much magic BUT that is EXACTLY why it shines. I'm not going to build the next FAANG company on this but it will let me get a backend up and running VERY quickly to test out an idea. The number of ideas of mine that have been killed in the cradle by decision paralysis is higher than I would like...
Exactly this. One of the aims to start this project was to reduce one more friction when testing an idea. Project configurations and set up is a big time suck.
Thank you for creating this! I often find I had an idea and then spend 1-2 hours doing NOTHING towards the idea trying to future-proof what I'm writing to the max. That is a trait of mine I need to work on by itself but "zero" should help let convince me to "just try it with zero before you setup TypeScript/Angular/Vue/React/Cordova/Express/etc...". I saw your other comment about making it Apache/PHP level easy and as someone who came from that background and when I first saw a query param displayed in the response from the web (ie: localhost?name=Josh -> Hello Josh!) I was hooked (you can imagine my reaction when I learned what a database was ).

In that vein do you think TypeScript is on the horizon for support? It's not a dealbreaker by any means but it would be nice to just write .ts files and have them automatically compiled (transpiled?). I can write JS just fine but TS's types are a nice sanity check for me.

the project's philsophy seems to be "use a bundler that works and don't reinvent it" so I bet adding a TS bundler would be a possibility, that'd be awesome
Thanks! I will def move .ts up the list. It should be easy to add.
Great work, if you need any help with it just add requestes on github and tag as help needed.
I just added typescript support. Check it out!
It actually has a ton of magic. This is what's acting as the initial package.json:

https://github.com/remoteinterview/zero/blob/72ea1faaef51b92...

Custom file watcher: https://github.com/remoteinterview/zero/blob/72ea1faaef51b92...

Routing / workers: https://github.com/remoteinterview/zero/blob/72ea1faaef51b92...

Dependencies for using the react renderer: https://github.com/remoteinterview/zero/blob/72ea1faaef51b92...

And so on. The routing part is a bit funny - by spawning a new process per request this is actually very close to PHP/CGI :)

At quick glance. Cool. Dig the idea, going to have to take a deep dive to see how things work later.

I still have to have a giggle at the similarities between what you produced and what is essentially a PHP/Dom/Apache setup.

The Async wait for initial props before what is essentially a template render just drove it home.

One key thing missing is an easy wrap around running tests. What would it take to add this?

I started with PHP / Wordpress themes myself and the aim here to bring back the simplicity of web development. Def inspired by PHP/Apache setup.
This is very cool framework and I will certainly use it for small to medium sized apps or website. However, just going through the doc there doesn’t seems to be a way to split components since any file is assumed to be a page. Any way around that?

Lastly, it’s a shame that the doc link points to github. The doc, as layed out in github is a perfect use case for zero.

You are very right (and I did try that). I just wanted to avoid redundant docs for now. As it's a bit sparse and is continuously being updated.
It seems to me that you should have a folder (www?) that is served by zero, and a folder (lib?) that isn't. Then files in the www folder can import from the lib folder.
Supports the new hotness MDX. JSX/React components inside markdown. This is awesome for standing something up quickly. Thanks for creating this!
this is impressive! I would absolutely reach for this first when scraping something together quickly. I'd be super interested in seeing numbers for just how far this can scale before falling over.
Currently this is as scalable as a normal node+express app. The aim for now is to improve development experience for now.
Love it, that's what I figured, and I agree with the aim!
The time example reminds me of WSGI for Python. Neat that it supports templates too.
Are there any plans to make this support Typescript in the future? :)
Yes. Should be easy! As we are not a typescript shop yet, we might need a hand with that. Otherwise, I will try to figure it out soon.
> File-system Based Routing: If your code resides in ./api/login.js it's exposed at http://<SERVER>/api/login. Inspired by good ol' PHP days.

> Auto Dependency Resolution: If a file does require('underscore'), it is automatically installed and resolved. You can always create your own package.json file to install a specific version of a package.

This sounds like a security nightmare.

EDIT: to be clear, I don't meant he combination of both is a security concern, that each one of them separately is problematic.

...why? I get that file-system based routing means you know the location of a source file on disk, but if anyone can access that file you've already lost.

And auto-dependency resolution also doesn't seem any larger a security concern, all it's doing is skipping an "npm install" command.

Because if you ever have a broken upload system that allows you to drop a JS file somewhere accessible by the file system routing, you have remote code execution. Additionally, you now have to write guards in every non-endpoint JS file so that it doesn't get executed just by a misplaced HTTP request.

And as for automatic dependency resolution, this means you're not even aware of what transitive dependencies you're pulling in, what version they are and have no way to vet anything - everything is hidden behind a wall of magic.

Make your application directory read-only to the user running the application, as it ought to be anyway.

Automatic dependency resolution however... Fantastic for experimentation, but that's a dealbreaker for production. Maybe it would be OK if it actually wrote the package-lock.json to the application directory, I'd have to think about that.

In this case the application also tries to auto-install dependencies, so making it read-only removes one of the stated features.

I think this framework hasn't been written with security in mind at all.

Whatever it's doing, it's not writing the packages into the application directory.
If it can write to the applications dependencies isn't that as good as writing to the application?
Probably having .htaccess / .env / database configuration / files that are not supposed to be public be exposed.

For instance, Rails has a public/ folder for files that are going to be served. And jekyll hides files by pattern-matching them[1].

Zero doesn't seem to have exclude folders by default. The solution would be to run Zero is a subfoler and require file in the parent folder which would act as the tree's root.

[1]: https://help.github.com/en/articles/files-that-start-with-an...

Currently, files starting with _ (underscore) are hidden in zero. This is still a feature spec we need to finalize as this can create confusion. Maybe a .zeroignore file (as suggested in another comment) would be a better idea.
Why not reverse that and use a whitelist instead. It’s a lot easier to decide what folders and files should be served than to think of all the things that shouldn’t.
(comment deleted)
Nextjs uses a pages/ subdirectory which gives you implicit routing, without having to compromise on the whitelist aspect. I think it's a better compromise.
Just like "good ol' PHP days!" as the docs say :D
If security is a concern, this is probably a bad choice; this doesn't seem to be advertised as a bulletproof security solution to anything, rather a utility for small little one-off apps that might need _some_ backend functionality. Once you start adding features like file-uploading, youre obviously gonna want to pick a more robust option
> If security is a concern

At the risk of being presumptuous... When is security ever not a concern?

Student projects
Conversely though - doesn't that lead to bad habits?

If security is taught at the student level, by the time they get to junior developer they'll have an understanding of it / do it automatically.

When you're learning, you need to also learn security implications of what you're writing. Insecure projects should never be allowed to pass.
I disagree somewhat. If the goal of a project is to teach a different skill and it may cause too much of a headache to add a real server this service might make sense. It’s like when you’re learning a new spoken language. It’s better to practice a breadth of situations and vocabularies and make mistakes (that get corrected over time) than to learn fewer things perfectly
Pretty sure student projects should teach you something other than `$ npm install`, no?

When I was a hiring manager and scoped out juniors from bootcamps I had a conversation with some candidates and they would say, "I built user registration and login". When I asked them to talk more about it they said, "well I installed auth0"... Any student project which doesn't teach them how something works is not really teaching anything of value, is it?

Expecting a student to learn how to code at all, not to mention code well, from an academic/bootcamp setting, is an expensive fool's errand for anyone that hires them.

Programming is not academic. It has more in common with plumbing and carpentry and electrician work: you learn only by doing, and you learn how to do it well by doing with critical supervision from a mentor.

That slight wobble in Earth's orbit we're experiencing, that's Dijkstra rolling in his grave.

All joking aside, programming should be treated a lot more like engineering and a lot less like craft. Yes, it does have aspects of both, but neglecting the engineering aspects of it is proving to be increasingly harmful to our end users.

> a lot more like engineering and a lot less like craft

I think the curve of diminishing returns plays an important role. A near hack job will often get you 90% there, in terms of fulfilling what was exactly requested. I don't think this is true for any other skillset. It's so easy to make something featureful and fragile in software. The time and cost above that can be very difficult to justify to customers/management.

In the words of a previous boss, after I pointed out we need more testing, "Everything is working, we'll fix the bugs as they come".

The difference between engineering and trade work is that trade work, like the jobs you mention, either follows a plan written by an engineer, or prescriptive standards designed by engineers (and usually certified by governing bodies of engineers). Prescriptive standards allow skipping all the engineering calculations as long as the guidelines are followed and tolerances respected.

Software development (and a lot of hardware development, to be fair) is unique in that doing it well requires functioning as both an engineer and a tradesperson. One's skill has to cover a wide section of the spectrum.

> When is security ever not a concern?

Internal applications where the entirety of the userbase are trusted employees. (Preferably, the userbase is small, too.)

Nobody’s going to bother finding vulnerabilities in an application where, if they break it, their own job gets harder.

I agree with GP. Security is always a concern. I too used to think as long as it's behind the firewall, or a local only exploit, it doesn't matter. But it always matters. Small apps become big apps. Small user bases large ones. Someone gets onto your internal network and then your small userbase app for trusted employees becomes a jumping off point, etc.

Your sort of thinking is how you end up with Yahoo levels of account leaks.

Security always matters.

I think your comment about scalability is accurate. Small apps become big apps, and small user bases get bigger. I’ve seen it happen — but I’m not going to think about scaling to thousands of users when I just need a small application to share with my team. If I spent five days building it to the utmost standards, instead of spending one day on something that solves a problem immediately, I’d be laughed at. It is the same with security.

> Your sort of thinking is how you end up with Yahoo levels of account leaks.

I wouldn’t store any of my customers’ data on an insecure internal service! I know that’s mad!

> Security always matters.

The first part of securing a system is to come up with your threat model, isn’t it?

> I wouldn’t store any of my customers’ data on an insecure internal service! I know that’s mad!

I'm completely sure that you're right. You know that would be irresponsible and reckless with lots of very sensitive data.

With that said, how sure can you be of every other person writing a simple, small, business app for just a handful of their coworkers? I've encountered some people doing exactly what you've described without the same level of cool-headed risk-weighing as you.

At some point you will be outcompeted by businesses where they don't sweat stuff like this.
One of the key functions of GDPR and CCPA and PIPEDA is to make many businesses consider what kind of liability might be attached to things they might otherwise opt to not sweat.
None of those apply to internal software that isn't used to store customer data.
I really hope you don't work for our infosec department!
Prototyping or proofs of concept
If you're ever running this, and you've left it open to a LAN or the internet, your entire system is vulnerable for use in whatever way someone wants. There are bots looking for stuff like this all the time.
Is this even a serious question?

Not everything runs online connected to the internet.

You know it's always a concern, but context is everything.

> small little one-off apps that might need _some_ backend functionality

The security implications of serving a static website vs. a dynamic application that processes payment and queries the database are two different beasts

When all other layers are secure, like wearing a bulletproof west inside a bulletproof car inside a bunker that can withstand a nuclear blast. And add to that some security by obscurity, like a bunker in a secret location, only accessed via a tunnel.
That said, if security is top priority you also want to be ready if you get shot from within the car. But more importantly you need to define the most common scenarios and make sure you are protected from all of them. One scenario might be someone shooting you, but another scenario might be food poisoning which would require an additional, different solution.
So if an attacker already has access to your filesystem to modify your files, they can install stuff?

By this time it's already too late.

There's different levels of 'filesystem access' vulnerabilities.

Some classes of bugs that would be otherwise tame due to the constraints (eg., file upload that might be able to only create new files in some part of the directory tree, or a buggy routine that lets you create arbitrary symlinks, or leftover VCS/CM files that happen to end in .js and are not filtered out by the router) now become the most powerful kind, remote code execution.

Exploiting auto-downloading modules requires that the filesystem's already been exploited to the point where the app's code can be modified.

I could add `require('foo')` but I could also just require no third party code and have fun with the `process` module.

I don't disagree that this doesn't seem necessarily secure and the auto dependency resolution is a bad idea for other reasons in my opinion, but I don't see the security aspect of it.

The moment I can upload files to the application folder that are executed, I can just `require('child_process').spawn("my_evil_stuff", [])`. In particular "my_evil_stuff" could be some npm install command. I don't see how automatically installing the dependencies makes this worse than it already is.

EDIT: While this is a different attack vector than I was envisioning here, jexco has provided a scenario in which there are additional vulnerabilities: Vulnerable dependencies that cannot be managed.

Where is the management of requirements? How do you force LTS versions? Or roll back if a version has a vulnerability? When things are automatic you are unable to stop bad things from happening.
Not that I was going to say this is a good idea in the first place, but rolling back vulnerable dependencies is an excellent point that I hadn't thought of. Thanks!
Well, for one giving the app the kinds of write permissions needed for this to work is not exactly ideal.
So the app would need write permissions to its own folder. That's obviously a bad idea in a production deployment. I guess I was thinking that the dependencies would be installed during a privileged one-time "deployment run" so you wouldn't need the permissions after. Maybe I'm giving the thing too much credit.
Putting my money where my mouth is - use this to leak any file accessible by the running user of zero from the filesystem:

    # curl -v --path-as-is 127.0.0.1:3000/../../../../../etc/passwd
    root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
    [...]
Thanks for pointing this out. Fixed this particular bug!
You also need to report this to security@npmjs.com so they post an advisory [1] and mark the existing versions as vulnerable.

[1] - https://www.npmjs.com/advisories

Anyone, including yourself can do that.
or, the person who should do it should do it and not rely on others to do their job for them?
it's not their job. there's a reason anyone can do it.
Everyone's talking about it but nobody did it, so I did.
Seems like your fix[1] for this is a bit fast. You are already importing `path` in that file. Also, you can do this with just one `path.relative`. Lastly, the url package method you are using is deprecated[2].

[1] https://github.com/remoteinterview/zero/commit/b4af5325c388e... [2] https://nodejs.org/api/url.html#url_legacy_url_api

A simpler fix might be to canonicalize (i.e. no "..") the public folder path and the requested file path and then ensure the public path is a prefix of the other.
Any fix also needs to be sure to resolve any symlinks before doing a prefix check.
This fix does not even work on windows. You can still request data on a different drive.
I don't think I would use any package that makes this classic mistake in 2019. Web services need to be at least vaguely secure and this destroys all my confidence of that.
You would've thought OP posting to HN should've considered security backlash. Unfortunately, damage is done for me too.
This was fixed literally the minute it was commented here. Securing any project is always a long-term and continuous effort.

This project is brand new, I posted the repo publicly this morning. I frankly think this subthread is an overreaction. I don’t get the hate.

> This project is brand new, I posted the repo publicly this morning.

Are you implying that you don’t think it’s ready for production use? If so, maybe you should do like a lot of projects, and warn about it loud and clear in the docs. It’s not clear at all that users should expect the type of blatant security problems that were discovered here.

If the bar to posting to HN was "I am finally confident this project is mature", rather than "I can post any link I want and if people thing it's cool, it'll get upvoted", HN would have a hell of a lot less cool shit on the front page on a daily basis.

People are allowed to screw up: it's how we learn. They got comments that pointed out flaws, they fixed them and posted a follow-up regarding that fix, why the hate? This person tried to make something cool, they learned important security lessons, and now have a deeper insight into what they made, and the world it operates in. How is this possibly a bad thing we don't want to have happen on HN?

I saw your comments fixing it - which is pretty awesome by the way (& I hope you've taken on board the other comments regarding securing it even further).

Due to PHP experience, this would've been something that I ensured was implemented properly from the outset. I know this to be true, because I've dabbled in the very space you're working in now, and it was one of the very first things I ensured: that no file could be served except from direct descendants. (I rethought my project and tossed the code)

For something like this you need to be absolutely sure about security. Have a look at the annals of PHP security issues - and most likely you'll see a lot of similarities that you'll need to make sure you address.

I'm sorry if you read hate in my words: definitely was NOT intended! I have nothing against you as a co-habitor of this wonderful planet! To me, the bug highlights that a few design considerations may have been overlooked.

But after reading the thread following your fix it seemed that the fix wasn't done properly. That, more than the security issue itself, kind of ruined my confidence as well, sorry to say.
Hah. Now that’s a Zero day Zero server exploit. :)
can just put some logic to set the root directory where can start to include from?
Looking through the code on github found a .py file handler in the works: https://github.com/remoteinterview/zero/blob/master/packages...

Any idea of a timeline on this feature? I think it could be really awesome to be able to prototype with python in addition to js.

Is there any way to "ignore" specific files or directories? For example, I want to reuse React components across different routes (exposed as jsx files). However, I don't want `mysite.com/components/Container` to be a valid endpoint.
(comment deleted)
I would propose adding support for a 'zeroignore' file to handle this. :)
Yes. It's not written in docs yet but any file or folder starting with _ (underscore) is not exposed publicly. This feature spec is still open for discussion as on how to tackle it the best.
Check my reply to this comment. The underscore idea was one of the first things to come to mind too, but I think having a specific file makes it clear to others who might not understand Zero internals.
You are right. A .zeroignore file seems like a good idea.
Would that not count as a configuration file though?
You can still configure zero conf frameworks, it's just not explicitly required for it to function
Here we go. Zero conf :-)
seems like doing something like Next.js might be a better choice, aka have a main folder that exposes publicly accessible files, instead of having to add _ to each folders that should be private (it seems to me most folder/files would be private and not the other way around)
For markdown based sites, why not statically generate the site? Why render it on each request?
Great job! Took 2 minutes to install and run.
As others have said before, I think this is amazing for small one offs and maybe for beginning programmers. I'm afraid that, like all frameworks, people will start to misuse it eventually. Someone will make a little app with that, because it's so fast, simple and amazing, right? Later, however, the app will grow and it will become a maintainability nightmare. The only good thing about it is that you can easily get out of this framework and migrate to managing express/node/react yourself, or so it seems. It isn't like rails, where if you get into it, your app is so highly coupled to it that any escaping is impossible, even if your app becomes very complex.
Escaping and writing a custom node+express+React SSR server for a zero-based app should be easy. But zero isn't a 'platform' anyway. It's just an abstraction on common config and some glue code, all open-source so you can easily fork and improve.
Minimalism has a cost. http://npm.broofa.com/?q=zero
Standing on the shoulders of giants :)

You will eventually be adding all those packages when you develop a production-grade React / Node app anyway.

Perhaps this should be done gradually and thoughtfully, rather than pulling half the internet into each minimalist app out there.
Welcome to the world of node.
This is nothing to do with node. This is poor programmer decision making. You can build great node apps with a real minimalist approach. Holding up projects which pull in half of npm as "the world of node" is like holding up a hot and ready 5$ pizza and saying all Italian food is bad.
I think the point is that this is almost encouraged in the node ecosystem, while in most other language ecosystems I know of it wouldn't be.
Encouraged by who? I see the same people which used to install jQuery or WordPress plugins and were able to get janky but working sites. But prolific module authors and node core contributors don't promote these approaches.

Maybe if you listen too much to twitter "thought leaders" you might get this impression, but we are all aware of the problems with social media platforms...

Well, considering the amount of dependencies in popular projects like CRA that was highlighted here a few days ago I don't think it's unreasonable to extrapolate to the general ecosystem. Of course there are module authors and devs doing it differently, but in general most node projects I see are more dependency-happy than projects I see in other languages.
Give people a useful tool (npm) and they will muck it up. This is both the best and worst part of the general node ecosystem. The issue is people saying things like "that's just node". It is not node, it is the ease of use and popularity meaning there will be more of these examples. If you care to make high quality use of the platform and tools you can, but that means not following the crowd.
Agreed, but for whatever reason it seems more prevalent in the node ecosystem than in others (even when comparing high-profile projects).
Most other ecosystems inlcude more batteries (e.g. PHP). That is why you have to update this ecosystems with all their modules. The problem is, if the core has a bug, ALL apps in this ecosystem has the bugs.

node includes not everything and concentrate on the core. If modules have bugs, not all apps a compromised.

It is a fundamental design decision, if you not like it, don't use node.

You can include all dependencies manually and update them manually, nobody keeps you away. But have fun to update all your deps.

(comment deleted)
thank you...your comment is just awesome!!! i thought i was alone in understanding the real meaning of being a "minimalist" ;)
This is why we need tree-shaking and build-time optimizations to kill the unnecessary.
It's not that bad since it's an application (not just a library) that basically exists to glue those modules together.
It's worth noting that (for now) npm.broofa.com includes `devDependencies` in it's graph. Zero doesn't have any production `dependencies`.
Ignore that. Apparently I don't know my own code. It just looks at `dependencies`. :-p

That said, it looks like the latest (not yet npm-published?) version of zero has moved all the dependencies to `devDependencies`.

While I embrace less configuration, you can't really avoid TLS these days. There is always configuration, many of configurations. Some implicit, some explicit.
> Zero reads credentials from environment variables. Zero also loads variables from .env file in your project root, if it's present.

Security nightmare? Can I do myapp.com/.env and read the credentials from the wider internet?

Why would you assume that they have this bug? If you’re actually curious if the bug exists go read the code or try it yourself.
Another common on this page documents this bug on their production website.
Maybe a silly question, but is there anything one needs to consider before deploying this to, let's say, Heroku?
As others have pointed out, make sure to mark files that are not supposed to be exposed to the client by prefixing them with a underscore, otherwise you'll have a bit of a security issue. Otherwise, you're good to go.
Wow, I love that people can wrap express and many of its components and end with something so different from its foundation. That being said, this level of "batteries included" approach has a cost.

In this example, it is the complexity of this file[1] and the fact that if you were to write this as a single express middleware you could probably write it in less than 20 lines.

Guess this is just not my cup of tea?

[1] https://github.com/remoteinterview/zero/blob/master/packages...

Edit: also looks like the author decided to wrap their own multi process model? https://github.com/remoteinterview/zero/blob/master/packages...

Yes, writting an express backend is really simple, some plugins, error-handling etc. and you can run it in less than 1 hour.

But the Frontend with webpack needs definitely more time, hours and hours to fiddle webpack to your needs. This project has a definded strucutre and support defined modules (react), so it could save you a lot of webpack config time, but you can not do everything with it. You have to use it as it is.

Lol, if the setup on the FE takes hours to fiddle something is wrong with the choice of tooling. I don't use webpack, so I guess I am just spoiled?
The alternative is using parcel. Zero is a server equivalent to Parcel (and uses parcel internally)
You never use it, or?

It is nothing wrong with the tool, the tool does what it does. I sayd to configure it, to fit exactly your needs, it take a long time.

Using an other tool will not change it.

Setting up Webpack isn't even the time-consuming part, in my experience - it's getting the back-end and front-end to work together and having a comfortable development environment in which both live reload.
Exactly.

Only get them running is a thing of 2 minutes, but running with comfort and fit your needs is the hard part.

So cycle repeats, PHP reborn?
Zero configuration... read "We made choices for you, just trust us. Read our documentation to see what your missing. Oh, also since you didn't configure it we'll change (the defaults) on our next release".
> Oh, also since you didn't configure it we'll change (the defaults) on our next release

That doesn't really matter, since I'll only use the next release for my next release, and the previous prototype has either been thrown away or turned into a proper stack.

I wonder if this what the people who made the things I have to inherit and patch and secure believed.

Current app is EOL Framework Release in an EOL Language Release running on an EOL Distro Release on an unmonitored server without any patches applied... so business as usual.