Ask HN: Programming Language with “Limited” Types?

Just asking this after reading the Ruby 3 announcement.

Is there any "high-level" programming language that allows only limited use of types? What I mean is, for example, no types by default but still allows me to define some in specific situations, for example a function definition where I need a specific type for an argument. For instance my_function(arg1, int arg2) would check the type of arg2 before entering the function.