I don't think is baiting, don't think NWA were baiting ~30 years ago with "black police showing out for the white cop", just wanted to add that you have brought in a very interesting point, that is the social class discrimination which has been largely forgotten in all this discussion.
I've mentioned that point of view in here before, that is that imho the black population in the US has been left behind by the majority "educated"/liberal white class after the first "successes" of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. The next step in that battle should have been to address the social and economic imbalances affecting the black population, but then the depressing 1970s came and then the flamboyant 1980s, and suddenly the majority white population had other worries and interests.
One could say that the No Kid Left Behind was a step in addressing that social imbalance issue, but as far as I understood it was disastrously implemented. Plus not that many people mention the fact that the War on Drugs has been mostly a war on US minorities (mostly the black population, with some Latinos also involved), which, again, as far as I know, has had bi-partisan support for at least the last 20 to 30 years.
> The real question here is not whether race is a factor in police shootings, but when? Is it beforehand in all the things that might lead up to a shooting, such as drug laws or racial profiling? Or does it come down to the skin color of the individual cop holding the gun?
George Floyd wasn't shot, but many others were, and the questions regarding excessive use of force and discrimination towards racial minorities persists.
The killing of George Floyd doesn't make it any less relevant, nor any less topical.
The point is that police shootings are just one of the many ways police uses excessive force against minorities. Did they control for whether the amount of force used was warranted? Did they control for whether the location of the shooting was a black minority or majority neighborhood? The ethnicity of the cop? It's too easy to lump all the data into one average and simply loose all the detail of an extremely complicated issue such as police brutality, for example killings where lethal weapons weren't used.
"Police not more likely to use thermonuclear weapons against whites, blacks, study finds."
My opinion is that the whole study is meaningless, an insult to human intelligence, and a waste of the paper it was written on. I don’t care what race the police officers are. It does not matter.
An organization has a mind of its own. In fact, I’d argue an organization has a “life” of its own. Just like individuals, organizations have inertia, or habits, to keep doing things the way they are.
In New York, I’ve seen reflective vests put on the dashboards of cars, some horribly parked. The idea is if you can show you’re a fellow police officer, you won’t get a parking ticket.
In Overland Park, Kansas, I personally know of a ticket where someone got “reckless driving” while standing on the side of a road with a broke down car. The police appeared more than five minutes after the car stopped at the side of the road.
A young woman moved to a new neighborhood in a new state and this neighbor, a police officer, called her by her full first, middle, and last name And told her to “be careful” as she walked out of the house to walk her dog. She insists she never used her middle name anywhere in person and the police officer most likely ran her license or something.
Unless we are willing to disband and ban all current members of the police force from being a part of a new police, I don’t see how this study makes any sense.
* Black Americans have increased interactions with the police, variously due to profiling and/or material conditions
* The police in the US are exceedingly quick to use deadly force compared to other nations
Material conditions is key. If you grow up in a neighborhood with high crime rates, the likelihood of you being exposed to crime and taking part of it simply rises. It's very unfortunate, and acts as a vicious circle keeping many minority communities pushed down. It's ironic that the protests and riots going on are just doing more harm to minorities than ever before, by damaging downtown businesses.
US jails are in the same spirit, punish not rehabilitate /work with them. This is ingrained in the laws and public opinion that cops have a hard job ((they do) and we must give them all the leeway needed to do their job. Time to change the laws a bit so they are held responsible a lot more for pushing the envelope.
What if they shoot everyone? Would that be a satisfying conclusion? I've been looking at how the riot police is handling civilians and it's plain to see most are veterans that still think they're in Iraq. From the 'light them up' when people are watching from their house to how they murdered that guy in the hotel two years ago because he couldn't crawl towards them with his hands behind his back. Something is very wrong with American policemen
It seems the study puts forward the idea that police in general are more likely to shoot minorities.
"FRIDELL: The defenders of police, of course, will cherry-pick the studies that show no bias. And the other side will cherry-pick the ones that do. But we don't have any definitive studies on this.
KASTE: She thinks people should be more open to the idea that bias and demographics can both play a role. And that's something that the authors of the paper and their critics both seem to agree on.
The real question here is not whether race is a factor in police shootings, but when? Is it beforehand in all the things that might lead up to a shooting, such as drug laws or racial profiling? Or does it come down to the skin color of the individual cop holding the gun?"
We have a broad problem with excessive police violence and brutality in the USA. Minorities are disproportionately targeted but anyone can be a victim. There are numerous cases of people of all ethnicities being killed even if they're not under suspicion of any crime, such as via a paramilitary drug raid on the wrong house. These sorts of events are so common you can usually search and find one or two in the past month at any given time.
We have (recent extraordinary events aside) far lower crime rates today than we did back in the 70s and 80s, but we seem to have just as much if not more police violence and police militarization. It's become a kind of macho cargo cult or maybe a bit of security theater that politicians can trumpet. Whatever it is, it needs to be challenged. Police do need the ability to use force when needed, but that should be rare. They are public safety servants not soldiers in a war.
I don't see the Floyd killing as just a race issue, though it undoubtedly is that since blacks are disproportionately targeted. After watching that video I personally (as a white male) feel at least a bit more nervous about police. What happens if you catch a cop on a bad day, or one with psychological problems, or one who has some reason to dislike you? Am I going to get beat up or worse? Who would I call for help, the police?
This is not something that should concern me at all in a civilized country. Is this a civilized country?
If black people are more likely to be criminalized then having a police brutality problem is certainly a bigger problem for black people...
There are many potential factors for why black people have higher criminalization rates:
1) systemic racially targeted policies (even if not explicitly targeting). One example may be going after “black people drugs” more than “white people drugs”. Real world example was Nixon’s Drug war on black people and leftists.
2) Historic prejudice that reduces opportunities. If a certain group has reduced opportunities, they’re sort of forced to find other means. Plus if you think the system is rigged why would you work with the system?
3) compounding effects. If such effects like the ones above compound over generations, at some point some people start thinking it’s endemic to the race. This is a more direct racism, but honestly you’d have to willingly ignore the above two to truly believe this. Examples are right wingers citing black people being more likely to be incarcerated as a reason for why they are more likely to be criminals. A logical fallacy in itself.
3b) compounding effects also lead to in general more scrutiny on black people for crimes.
3c) if your parents had a tough time you’re more likely to have a tough time. If your parents were criminals or drug users, guess what’s gonna be normal for you. On the opposite end of the same stick: things like legacy college admits disadvantage those who never had anything close to such benefits. Seems like it’s not harming anyone but guess who that fancy wall street job is more likely to hire: name brand college grad or black guy from community college (or no college at all because parents couldn’t afford it). SAT tests? Sorry was making sure I wasn’t stabbed at my inner city school. Some these things apply just in general to poor people, but remember black people don’t exactly come from wealthy legacy of early Americans, and are systematically denied opportunities over generations.
There’s probably more causes and factors I’m missing because America is just so full of historically awful things done to black people that I, as a (naturalized) non-black immigrant, am quite confounded how it’s still generally acceptable that legacy power structures from people who benefited off these awful things still exist.
So trying to pin criminalization rate abnormalities on black people as an endemic racial thing would require willful ignorance that somehow over 400 years of institutionalized racism and prejudice, both from hateful people and prejudicial policies, would somehow have no effect on current day black people. One would have to be pretty willfully blind to not get why black people are more likely to be criminalized today.
I know you didn’t say it, but implying that it’s everyone’s problem subtly suggests that black criminalization rate isn't the core of the issue, and takes away from the inordinate targeted prejudice they are facing from such police brutality policies. That being said, have you ever heard of a white guy saying they felt less safe around cops?
EDIT: it seems you removed the “everyone’s problem bit”
> After watching that video I personally (as a white male) feel at least a bit more nervous about police.
I’m not black but I can tell you your nervousness probably means nothing real. It’s also kind of insulting to insinuate that your concern for police would be on any level equal to the concern a black person may have. They have honestly much more of a real reason to fear police. Plus your argument about getting beaten up by a crazy police officer makes no sense. You could just as likely get beat up by any crazy person. If your worry is getting shot by a crazy police officer same thing, you’re probably more likely as a white guy to be shot by a non police with a gun given how easy it is for anyone to obtain one.
A shorter version of my point: a brutal paramilitary police force with a license to kill is not something anyone should tolerate, and it's everyone's problem. Minorities are disproportionately victimized by it, but until people realize it's everyone's problem nothing is going to be done.
Except the police don’t actually have a license to kill. They are just particularly dangerous to black people. Even if your claims that US police are a trigger happy paramilitary force, they definitely do not affect non-black races as much. I mean yes any given white criminal may be subject to similar risks, but there’s profiling done on anonymous black people and just in general the rate of non-black criminality is lower so such problems will affect the average non-black person much less. And if you don’t fit into the profile of a criminal by a cop you’re pretty low in terms of chance of getting harassed.
Across suburbia stores closed early and police patrols were increased amid possible rioting. Imagine an SUV full of black men drives up to a suburban strip mall during last night in such circumstances and imagine one full of white teenage girls. If just due to the fact that a police goes by their gut On the job, they’re more likely to profile the SUV full of black people as potentially suspicious. Best case they just follow them and give them undue attention; worst case they harass them or more.
I get where you are coming from, but I also think the cause is worthy even if doesn’t affect one’s own race at any given time. I think it could happen to any race which is why it’s important to stop unequal treatment. I mean I’m sure other groups get profiled too such as Muslims (as terrorists) and that probably didn’t really start until 2001.
The question should not be whether white cops shoot more minorities. It should be whether minorities are killed disproportionately by police in situations where lethal force is not justified, after controlling for race of suspects generally in police encounters.
Eric Garner wasn't shot, and George Floyd wasn't shot either. So clearly, a study of shootings alone cannot capture the full picture.
It would also be interesting to consider the statistics of disciplinary action taken against black officers who kill innocent people, versus white officers who kill innocent people.
I disagree that your question is the only important one to answer on this topic. Among other things, the study authors are seemingly trying to answer the question if more racial diversity among police would reduce the amount of shootings:
> Because racial disparities in FOIS do not vary based on officer race, hiring more diverse officers may not reduce racial disparities in FOIS. This is not to say that increasing officer diversity is without merit, as increasing officer diversity may broaden understanding of diverse communities and increase trust in law enforcement. However, these data suggest that increasing racial diversity would not meaningfully reduce racial disparity in fatal shootings
> “Even if police officers of whatever race enforce the law in relatively the same way, there is a huge image problem with a department that is so out of sync with the racial composition of the local population,”
> Some social scientists have taken a look at the racial disparities in the behavior of officers, but the topic is still being studied. And there is hardly any research at all on whether racial disparities exist between officers when they use force.
...
> From the studies that have been done, however, there’s no conclusive evidence to show that white and black police officers treat suspects differently — if anything, some of the studies show that black officers can be can be harder on black criminal suspects.
Is this an obvious conclusion? I don't think so. It only took a quick google search to find a site campaigning for police reform(https://www.joincampaignzero.org/representation) which contains a study with a different conclusion:
> Moreover, research shows police departments with more black officers are less likely to kill black people.
To me it seems like the topic is still under active research, even if there are already existing tentative conclusions - especially since the conclusions are counter-intuitive, it makes sense that the authors would want to provide more data to the subject.
If you can't hold police officers responsible for bad actions, it doesn't matter what their predispositions are. Plus, having a few black cops on 8th Street does no good if a white cop on 9th Street is happy to bash a suspect's head against the sidewalk after getting the handcuffs on. More generally, there may be some groups of potential victims of brutality (eg the mentally ill, or children) that you could never reasonably represent on a police force, but you must still ensure that those people can have safe interactions with police.
Extrajudicial violence by police (beyond what is appropriate to carry out the job) is more a function of the way the police force operates and maintains discipline, than a function of the predisposition of any individual officer.
I contend that you could structure a police force with the appropriate training and disciplinary practices, such that it would operate fairly even if all of its officers were white supremacists.
Conversely, you could put a group of good people into a police force with bad institutional structure with poor oversight and no checks on bad behavior, and they would end up doing bad things.
Instead of asking ourselves about individual predispositions, which are neither observable nor predictable, we should talk about how to build institutional culture and practices that safeguard against bad behavior.
two cops in Atlanta were fired because of excessive force this week. Against POC... Both themselves were black.
Cops have a hive mind. It's more important to be part of the blue fam, than it is to have any loyalty or respect for your own race. They're willing to hurt, maim, kill their own rather than be seen as week among their peers.
So, it doesn't matter what color the officer is (there's only one color of cop: Blue), it matters what color the perp is.....
The final sentence summarizes the flaw of any conclusions over racism that one may come to from this study:
> The real question here is not whether race is a factor in police shootings, but when? Is it beforehand in all the things that might lead up to a shooting, such as drug laws or racial profiling? Or does it come down to the skin color of the individual cop holding the gun?
But it also misses another question, which is whether or not the chances increase starting from much earlier in time. Is it a buildup of all things leading up to when a shooting may occur? Is it the environment of the child’s upbringing? All the negative externalities in one’s life can add up to bring someone to a point of criminality. But the real question is could that have been avoided at any time leading up to it happening? Because certain races in America have a lot of prejudice that lead to a lot of externalities on any given individual that definitely shape their life course in a way that isn’t natural.
I really lament how difficult this conversation has become. I really lament it because I'm in fear of saying anything more than that, for fear of friendly-fire-by-pitchfork. It's a really, really awkward situation.
I can't see a world, where out of all the violence, suddenly everyone is happy. All I can see is more conflict. What sucks the most is that I can barely ask for restraint without encountering someone desperate to label me as being on the wrong team.
Now imagine how it feels for black folks. Imagine then that this is how it's been for them for 400 years. Then you start to get a little bit of the anger and desperation they feel right now.
Yes, and I’d like to add a system that has racism baked in is much like a deep learning model with racism baked in. For the model you’d obviously want to compensate those prejudicial factors because they imply an incorrect bias with the model. It’s like if you trained your hot dog detector with only pictures of hot dogs with buns. It’s not going to recognize hot dogs for what they truly are so you’d have to correct the input bias to fix it.
The article linked in this message claiming white officers are no more likely than nonwhite officers to shoot racial minorities is based on a study that, mathematically, cannot support its central claim. The authors have admitted this.
Complicating the picture is that city policing has been trending toward safer interaction, while rural and more notably suburban areas have been trending towards more dangerous policing.
38 comments
[ 2.6 ms ] story [ 80.5 ms ] threadI've mentioned that point of view in here before, that is that imho the black population in the US has been left behind by the majority "educated"/liberal white class after the first "successes" of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. The next step in that battle should have been to address the social and economic imbalances affecting the black population, but then the depressing 1970s came and then the flamboyant 1980s, and suddenly the majority white population had other worries and interests.
One could say that the No Kid Left Behind was a step in addressing that social imbalance issue, but as far as I understood it was disastrously implemented. Plus not that many people mention the fact that the War on Drugs has been mostly a war on US minorities (mostly the black population, with some Latinos also involved), which, again, as far as I know, has had bi-partisan support for at least the last 20 to 30 years.
George Floyd wasn't shot. FFS
George Floyd wasn't shot, but many others were, and the questions regarding excessive use of force and discrimination towards racial minorities persists.
The killing of George Floyd doesn't make it any less relevant, nor any less topical.
"Police not more likely to use thermonuclear weapons against whites, blacks, study finds."
An organization has a mind of its own. In fact, I’d argue an organization has a “life” of its own. Just like individuals, organizations have inertia, or habits, to keep doing things the way they are.
In New York, I’ve seen reflective vests put on the dashboards of cars, some horribly parked. The idea is if you can show you’re a fellow police officer, you won’t get a parking ticket.
In Overland Park, Kansas, I personally know of a ticket where someone got “reckless driving” while standing on the side of a road with a broke down car. The police appeared more than five minutes after the car stopped at the side of the road.
A young woman moved to a new neighborhood in a new state and this neighbor, a police officer, called her by her full first, middle, and last name And told her to “be careful” as she walked out of the house to walk her dog. She insists she never used her middle name anywhere in person and the police officer most likely ran her license or something.
Unless we are willing to disband and ban all current members of the police force from being a part of a new police, I don’t see how this study makes any sense.
* Black Americans have increased interactions with the police, variously due to profiling and/or material conditions * The police in the US are exceedingly quick to use deadly force compared to other nations
A more casual explanation, by the primary author: https://www.cesariolab.com/race-bias-in-shooting
Obviously not, and it's weird that you'd go there of all places.
It seems the study puts forward the idea that police in general are more likely to shoot minorities.
"FRIDELL: The defenders of police, of course, will cherry-pick the studies that show no bias. And the other side will cherry-pick the ones that do. But we don't have any definitive studies on this.
KASTE: She thinks people should be more open to the idea that bias and demographics can both play a role. And that's something that the authors of the paper and their critics both seem to agree on.
The real question here is not whether race is a factor in police shootings, but when? Is it beforehand in all the things that might lead up to a shooting, such as drug laws or racial profiling? Or does it come down to the skin color of the individual cop holding the gun?"
Inequality is a given, and require leadership.
We have (recent extraordinary events aside) far lower crime rates today than we did back in the 70s and 80s, but we seem to have just as much if not more police violence and police militarization. It's become a kind of macho cargo cult or maybe a bit of security theater that politicians can trumpet. Whatever it is, it needs to be challenged. Police do need the ability to use force when needed, but that should be rare. They are public safety servants not soldiers in a war.
I don't see the Floyd killing as just a race issue, though it undoubtedly is that since blacks are disproportionately targeted. After watching that video I personally (as a white male) feel at least a bit more nervous about police. What happens if you catch a cop on a bad day, or one with psychological problems, or one who has some reason to dislike you? Am I going to get beat up or worse? Who would I call for help, the police?
This is not something that should concern me at all in a civilized country. Is this a civilized country?
There are many potential factors for why black people have higher criminalization rates:
1) systemic racially targeted policies (even if not explicitly targeting). One example may be going after “black people drugs” more than “white people drugs”. Real world example was Nixon’s Drug war on black people and leftists.
2) Historic prejudice that reduces opportunities. If a certain group has reduced opportunities, they’re sort of forced to find other means. Plus if you think the system is rigged why would you work with the system?
3) compounding effects. If such effects like the ones above compound over generations, at some point some people start thinking it’s endemic to the race. This is a more direct racism, but honestly you’d have to willingly ignore the above two to truly believe this. Examples are right wingers citing black people being more likely to be incarcerated as a reason for why they are more likely to be criminals. A logical fallacy in itself.
3b) compounding effects also lead to in general more scrutiny on black people for crimes.
3c) if your parents had a tough time you’re more likely to have a tough time. If your parents were criminals or drug users, guess what’s gonna be normal for you. On the opposite end of the same stick: things like legacy college admits disadvantage those who never had anything close to such benefits. Seems like it’s not harming anyone but guess who that fancy wall street job is more likely to hire: name brand college grad or black guy from community college (or no college at all because parents couldn’t afford it). SAT tests? Sorry was making sure I wasn’t stabbed at my inner city school. Some these things apply just in general to poor people, but remember black people don’t exactly come from wealthy legacy of early Americans, and are systematically denied opportunities over generations.
There’s probably more causes and factors I’m missing because America is just so full of historically awful things done to black people that I, as a (naturalized) non-black immigrant, am quite confounded how it’s still generally acceptable that legacy power structures from people who benefited off these awful things still exist.
So trying to pin criminalization rate abnormalities on black people as an endemic racial thing would require willful ignorance that somehow over 400 years of institutionalized racism and prejudice, both from hateful people and prejudicial policies, would somehow have no effect on current day black people. One would have to be pretty willfully blind to not get why black people are more likely to be criminalized today.
I know you didn’t say it, but implying that it’s everyone’s problem subtly suggests that black criminalization rate isn't the core of the issue, and takes away from the inordinate targeted prejudice they are facing from such police brutality policies. That being said, have you ever heard of a white guy saying they felt less safe around cops?
EDIT: it seems you removed the “everyone’s problem bit”
> After watching that video I personally (as a white male) feel at least a bit more nervous about police.
I’m not black but I can tell you your nervousness probably means nothing real. It’s also kind of insulting to insinuate that your concern for police would be on any level equal to the concern a black person may have. They have honestly much more of a real reason to fear police. Plus your argument about getting beaten up by a crazy police officer makes no sense. You could just as likely get beat up by any crazy person. If your worry is getting shot by a crazy police officer same thing, you’re probably more likely as a white guy to be shot by a non police with a gun given how easy it is for anyone to obtain one.
Across suburbia stores closed early and police patrols were increased amid possible rioting. Imagine an SUV full of black men drives up to a suburban strip mall during last night in such circumstances and imagine one full of white teenage girls. If just due to the fact that a police goes by their gut On the job, they’re more likely to profile the SUV full of black people as potentially suspicious. Best case they just follow them and give them undue attention; worst case they harass them or more.
I get where you are coming from, but I also think the cause is worthy even if doesn’t affect one’s own race at any given time. I think it could happen to any race which is why it’s important to stop unequal treatment. I mean I’m sure other groups get profiled too such as Muslims (as terrorists) and that probably didn’t really start until 2001.
Eric Garner wasn't shot, and George Floyd wasn't shot either. So clearly, a study of shootings alone cannot capture the full picture.
It would also be interesting to consider the statistics of disciplinary action taken against black officers who kill innocent people, versus white officers who kill innocent people.
> Because racial disparities in FOIS do not vary based on officer race, hiring more diverse officers may not reduce racial disparities in FOIS. This is not to say that increasing officer diversity is without merit, as increasing officer diversity may broaden understanding of diverse communities and increase trust in law enforcement. However, these data suggest that increasing racial diversity would not meaningfully reduce racial disparity in fatal shootings
There was an NYT article quite a few years ago examining the topic of racial disparity in police departments(https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/09/03/us/the-race-g...) which contained a short blurb with a similar conclusion:
> “Even if police officers of whatever race enforce the law in relatively the same way, there is a huge image problem with a department that is so out of sync with the racial composition of the local population,”
Here's another article from the washington post on it(https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/storyline/wp/2014/08/22/...):
> Some social scientists have taken a look at the racial disparities in the behavior of officers, but the topic is still being studied. And there is hardly any research at all on whether racial disparities exist between officers when they use force. ... > From the studies that have been done, however, there’s no conclusive evidence to show that white and black police officers treat suspects differently — if anything, some of the studies show that black officers can be can be harder on black criminal suspects.
Is this an obvious conclusion? I don't think so. It only took a quick google search to find a site campaigning for police reform(https://www.joincampaignzero.org/representation) which contains a study with a different conclusion:
> Moreover, research shows police departments with more black officers are less likely to kill black people.
To me it seems like the topic is still under active research, even if there are already existing tentative conclusions - especially since the conclusions are counter-intuitive, it makes sense that the authors would want to provide more data to the subject.
Extrajudicial violence by police (beyond what is appropriate to carry out the job) is more a function of the way the police force operates and maintains discipline, than a function of the predisposition of any individual officer.
I contend that you could structure a police force with the appropriate training and disciplinary practices, such that it would operate fairly even if all of its officers were white supremacists.
Conversely, you could put a group of good people into a police force with bad institutional structure with poor oversight and no checks on bad behavior, and they would end up doing bad things.
Instead of asking ourselves about individual predispositions, which are neither observable nor predictable, we should talk about how to build institutional culture and practices that safeguard against bad behavior.
Cops have a hive mind. It's more important to be part of the blue fam, than it is to have any loyalty or respect for your own race. They're willing to hurt, maim, kill their own rather than be seen as week among their peers.
So, it doesn't matter what color the officer is (there's only one color of cop: Blue), it matters what color the perp is.....
Here's the video that goes w/ the atlanta cops: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXqHdO7iwo8
> The real question here is not whether race is a factor in police shootings, but when? Is it beforehand in all the things that might lead up to a shooting, such as drug laws or racial profiling? Or does it come down to the skin color of the individual cop holding the gun?
But it also misses another question, which is whether or not the chances increase starting from much earlier in time. Is it a buildup of all things leading up to when a shooting may occur? Is it the environment of the child’s upbringing? All the negative externalities in one’s life can add up to bring someone to a point of criminality. But the real question is could that have been avoided at any time leading up to it happening? Because certain races in America have a lot of prejudice that lead to a lot of externalities on any given individual that definitely shape their life course in a way that isn’t natural.
I can't see a world, where out of all the violence, suddenly everyone is happy. All I can see is more conflict. What sucks the most is that I can barely ask for restraint without encountering someone desperate to label me as being on the wrong team.
This side steps the issues of systemic racism with few individual acts of racism but rather large systems which are inherently racist.
It matters not whether each individual cop shoots more minorities but whether more minorities are shot by cops.
The article linked in this message claiming white officers are no more likely than nonwhite officers to shoot racial minorities is based on a study that, mathematically, cannot support its central claim. The authors have admitted this.
https://twitter.com/jonmummolo/status/1266184793244479500?s=...
https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/police-are-killing-fewe...