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diablerouge
This seems like a neat sed trick, but I'm not sure that it's useful for this particular case?

When I write a shell script, I often write a help function if it's not a totally trivial script, but there's no need for this cryptic sed expression, right? You can just call `echo` a few times and do it the obvious way. That works better for maintainability and if you put it at the top of the file then it's immediately visible when opening or using `head` on it.

Neat trick though - sed is super useful for all kinds of things. I had a co-worker who bound a keybinding to a sed one-liner that would automagically reconfigure some files that needed to be changed regularly. I ended up using that trick to allow for changing my terminal console colorscheme with a single command.

e12e
It's a little sad that standard shell here documents only support elliding leading tabs (it wouldn't be so sad if the record separator hadn't been thrown under the bus - having a character for indentation distinct from space is good... In theory).

But at any rate my typical usage() is generally along these lines (warning watch out for expansions):

  usage()
  {
    cat - <<-EOF
    `basename ${0}`: demonstrate here docs
     Usage:
     `basename ${0}` <required argument> [-o|--optional-param] 

       Etc. Possibly referencing
       default value: ${DEFAULT_VALUE}
    EOF
  }
jolmg
I think it'd be better without using basename, just $0. That way it matches the way it was called, which is how the user chose to access it for whatever reason. The bare filename might refer to a different command, even. Also, if you include examples in the help text, they'll also be able to copy and paste, instead of having to manually insert what basename stripped away.
e12e
True enough - I find it depends a bit on the nature of the script - if it's something buried under misc/tools/extra/bin/util.sh - i tend to prefer brevity - especially in the first paragraph/usage section (util.sh <required param> [optional param]).

But for more concrete examples I'll often leave off the basename - for easier cut and paste.

zzzcpan
Right, it's a bit useless trick. I guess the author is just exploring how to organize help, maybe thinking about larger scripts or maybe doing it for the article. Either way it's hard to see it going anywhere with sed. If you were to explore parsing and organizing help, I'd suggest starting with a simple pure shell loop like this:

   while read -r line; do
      case "$line" in 
      "###"*) 
         echo "${line#\###}" ;;
      esac
   done <"$0"
jandrese
Hmm:

% sed -rn 's/^### ?//;T;p' testfile

sed: 1: "s/^### ?//;T;p": invalid command code T

Looks like it might need GNU Sed or something. But honestly if I want to read the top of the file less works just as well.

adrianmonk
Yeah, "man sed" on my machine says, "This is a GNU extension."

You could do the same thing with awk instead:

    awk '{ if (sub("^### ?", "")) { print; } else { exit; } }'
bewuethr
Or

    sed -rn 's/^### ?//p'
e12e
Doesn't appear anyone has tried addressing before replacement - ie the simplest sed work-a-like - if you don't mind the leading ### is just:

  sed -n '/^### /p'
I believe? (equivalent to grep).

Then eg:

  sed -nr '/^### /s/^.{4}(.*)/\1/p'
(or without the redundant addressing, just:)

  sed -nr 's/^### (.*)/\1/p'
bewuethr
You can simplify

    sed -nr 's/^.{4}(.*)/\1/'
to

    sed -nr 's/^.{4}//
And if you use a pattern for the address, you can repeat it in the substitution by using an empty pattern, so

    sed -nr '/^### /s/^.{4}(.*)/\1/p'
is the same as

    sed -nr '/^### /s/^.{4}//p'
is the same as

    sed -nr '/^### /s///p'
at which point I prefer just the substitution:

    sed -nr 's/^### //p'
jandrese
Well sure, there are tons of ways to do this in other languages. :)

Perl for example was made for problems like this.

   perl -ne 'print if ( s/^### ?// )'
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adrianmonk
You can also use a "here document"

    help() {
      cat <<'EOH'
    my-script — does one thing well
    
    Usage:
      my-script <input> <output>
    
    Options:
      <input>   Input file to read.
      <output>  Output file to write. Use '-' for stdout.
      -h        Show this message.
    EOH
    }
If the indentation bugs you, you can use a simpler sed trick to remove leading space so that you can indent it as desired:

    help() {
      sed -e 's/    //' <<'EOH'
        my-script — does one thing well
        
        Usage:
          my-script <input> <output>
        
        Options:
          <input>   Input file to read.
          <output>  Output file to write. Use '-' for stdout.
          -h        Show this message.
    EOH
    }
psophis
You can also use add a hyphen ( <<-EOF ) to suppress leading tabs but not spaces. https://linuxhint.com/bash-heredoc-tutorial/
yjftsjthsd-h
Oh, that's nice! And in spite of the labeling on that page, it doesn't seem to be a BASHism; it at least works in dash, too.
smichel17
I've always avoided that for fear that my or someone else's editor will accidentally replace the tabs with space. Mixed is not a common configuration, these days.
account42
This makes me want to use this just to get people to fix their broken editors.
amelius
Seriously, bash has too many obscure features.
dungdongdang
a commonly used feature that has been a part of the unix standard since before "bash" only meant to hit something with a heavy object, while linus was getting his diaper changed is not an "obscure feature."

a five year old took his first aware car ride, and at a gas station saw the trunk of the car next to theirs open. he said "seriously, bmw has too many obscure features." after all, a car for him was where you put the baby seat. and why would you put that in a compartment with no windows or air, that's too small to even fit a baby seat.

did you enjoy the ride?

koala_man
I believe the point of the article's method is that it allows you to document your script with code comments, and then reuse the same text for help output
amelius
But now the sed line bugs me ;)
jolmg
The neat thing about not indenting it is that you can make use of your editor's text-width auto-wrapping. For example, if you have it set to 80 columns, indenting it would make the text-width of the help text 76 in your case.

Also, putting the help text in code like this instead of a comment allows one to expand $0 so that the command name in the help text always matches the filename and path used in the invocation.

pavon
Or just a multiline string:

  #!/bin/bash
  USAGE="my-script — does one thing well
    
    Usage:
      my-script <input> <output>
    
    Options:
      <input>   Input file to read.
      <output>  Output file to write. Use '-' for stdout.
      -h        Show this message.
  "

  help() {
    echo "$USAGE"
  }
This is my standard approach which is cleaner for putting the documentation at the very top of the file like the linked article.
sillysaurusx
Thank you! I had no idea that multiline strings were valid bash.
rkangel
It's the same logic that allows you to type:

git commit -m "First line of commit

Second line of commit"

That's a multi-line string in bash.

tuatoru
This is one (useful!) interpretation of "code should be self-documenting". Just put the documentation into strings.
GordonS
Woah, I had no idea multiline strings were even a thing in Bash, I've been using heredocs for help messages since forever!

Do you know if these are portable?

Anthony-G
That's exactly what I do. For others who were not aware that multi-line strings can be used, this is POSIX-compatible (most of my shell scripts are executed by `dash`).
ElCampechano
Or just write it in Python.
hedora
Python is terrible at one liners. The sed is much more compact.
emmelaich
Multiline strings means you don't need sed or anything.
[deleted]
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mey
Handling of arguments is one of the reasons I reach for Python or Powershell instead of a bash script when writing my own stuff.

https://docs.python.org/3/library/argparse.html is great.

Powershell has the Param keyword that functions like argparse in Python

https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft...

acdha
My rule for a long time has been that any time you have more than one screen's worth of code and/or are using any of arrays, functions, or more than simple positional arguments you'll save time by rewriting it in Python. shellcheck has helped soften that a bit but the usability difference is pretty noticeable even with multiple decades writing shell scripts.
dragonwriter
> https://docs.python.org/3/library/argparse.html is great

Argparse is okay (and being in stdlib makes it always-available), but it's no click. https://click.palletsprojects.com/en/7.x/

40four
Thumbs up for 'Click'. I used it for a project once, and I was really happy with it. Easy to use, good docs. Would use it again.
pletnes
It’s fantastic and should be used by most CLI programs. Argparse is much faster and avoids having a dependency, so it does serve a purpose.
gavinray
Googling the library appears to be about ~8,000 lines of code (core.py is ~2,000 alone).

Is that really reasonable sounding to most people for parsing CLI input/output and display manpages or helptext?

dastx
I suppose it depends on the use case. Personally I've always thought argparse is good enough, and have never hit a roadblock "because I'm using argparse" so to say. Having said that, I do like the pattern click is going for. If it argparse allowed the same pattern, in my opinion that would be cool, and it would probably be my first choice.
blondin
argparse should not be the first thing to reach for, imo, when good old sys.argv can do the job.
mey
At that point I wouldn't leave bash. I feel like argparse allows for better documentation, error handling and input validation.
meddlepal
I'm not trying to be antagonistic here... but who cares how many lines it has unless you plan to maintain it?
40four
I didn’t mean to suggest we should reach for Click for simple help/manpage display.

The case I used it for was much more complex. What I liked about it was the easy to use API, clear documentation & examples, and readable patterns.

For simple text display, I like the solution from the article, and I learned something new about bash scripts. Also, I learned from comments you can use heredoc in bash!

mey
This is why I love the HN community, learning something new every day. (Happy 10,000) I use argparse because it is stdlib, but will checkout click!
Spivak
But handling args isn't that bad in bash.

    while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
      case "$1" in
         -h|--help)
           do_help
           exit
           ;;
         -v|--version)
           do_version
           exit
           ;;
         -d|--debug)
           debug=true
           shift
           ;;
         -a|--arg)
           arg_value=$2
           shift 2
           ;;
      esac
    done
jolmg
To expand on that pattern:

    while (( $# )); do
      case "$1" in
        -h|--help)
          usage
          exit
          ;;

        -v|--version)
          do_version
          exit
          ;;

        -d|--debug)
          debug=true
          ;;

        -a|--arg)
          arg_value="$2"
          shift
          ;;

        *)
          if [[ ! -v pos1 ]]; then
            pos1="$1"
          elif [[ ! -v pos2 ]]; then
            pos2="$1"
          else
            >&2 printf "%s: unrecognized argument\n" "$1"
            >&2 usage
            exit 1
          fi
      esac

      shift
    done
bewuethr
The one downside of this is that it doesn't handle squeezing flags as in

    foo -da bar
whereas getopts does. On the other hand, with (the Bash built-in) getopts you're limited to single character flags.
Spivak
You can do that it will just make things a little less pretty.

    while (( $# )); do
        case "$1" in
            -*h*|--help)
                do_help
                exit
                ;;
            -*v*|--version)
                do_version
                exit
                ;;
            -*d*|--debug)
                debug=true
                ;;&
            -*a*|--arg)
                value="$2"
                shift
                ;;&
        esac
        shift
    done
It doesn't support args of the form -avalue but those a pretty uncommon anyway.
jolmg
That wouldn't work in the general case. Those patterns would also match long options. If I add a case pattern `--all)`, and I call the script with `--all`, it's also going to match

  -*a*|--arg)
You could fix that with:

  -a*|-[!-]*a*|--arg)
> It doesn't support args of the form -avalue but those a pretty uncommon anyway.

You could

  -a*|-[!-]*a*|--arg)
    if [[ "$1" != --arg ]]; then
      value="${1#*a}"
    fi
    if [[ ! "$value" ]]; then
      value="$2"
      shift
    fi
  ;;&
Putting the option stuck together to its value has the advantage of working nicely with brace expansion. For example, you can call `strace -p{1111,2222,3333}` to trace those 3 pids and avoid having to type `-p` 3 times.
jolmg
As a final addendum, case clauses of options that take arguments like -a/--arg should not be terminated with `;;&`, but rather with `;;`.
Spivak
This is awesome! Thank you for being a total bash nerd.
jolmg
There's still one problem. To exemplify it, if you call with `-av`, it'll process the `v` as the option `-v` instead of the option value to `-a`. If you only have one possible option that takes a value, this can be fixed by putting its case clause before all others. If you have more, then that'll require things to get a little more complicated:

      -d*|-[!-]*d*|--debug)
        if [[ ! "$finished_case" && ("$1" = --debug || "$1" =~ '^[^ad]*d') ]]; then
          debug=true
        fi
      ;;&

      -a*|-[!-]*a*|--arg)
        if [[ ! "$finished_case" && ("$1" = --arg || "$1" =~ '^[^a]*a') ]]; then
          if [[ "$1" != --arg ]]; then
            value="${1#*a}"
          fi
          if [[ ! "$value" ]]; then
            value="$2"
            shift
          fi
          finished_case=true
        fi
      ;;&
      ...
    esac

    shift
    finished_case=
  done
All case-clauses would need to use `;;&` by the way, including `-v` and `-h`. The regex is generally:

  "^[^${all_options_with_values}${current_option}]*${current_option}"
Another problem is that option and argument non-recognition would not work as previously layed out. You can include short options that aren't recognized, and they'll be ignored instead of raising errors. For positional arguments, one would need a condition to check for options, since using `;;&` for everything means that everything would land to

  *)
Maybe those are the last issues, but this is already out of hand for otherwise small and simple shell scripts. All these complications arise from trying to support the sticking together of short options and their possible values. Processing arguments in a case loop is much, much simpler if we avoid supporting those 2 features.
mey 

    import argparse
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument('-v','--version',action='version', version='demo',help='Print version information')
    parser.add_argument('-d','--debug', help='Enable Debug Mode')
    parser.add_argument('a','arg', help="Argument Documentation")
    args = parser.parse_args()
Personally I feel like this is more readable code, gets me better validation, and help docs for "free". That's the attraction.
gitgud
Elegant, but then it's no longer a basic shell-script as it requires python installed.

If you can live with additional dependencies, then I like the node [1] commander package, which is very readable and nice to work with in my opinion.

        #!/usr/bin/env node
        const { program } = require('commander');

        program
          .command('clone <source> [destination]')
          .description('clone a repository')
          .action((source, destination) => {
            console.log('clone command called');
          });
It also automatically generates the --help output for ./script -h

[1] https://github.com/tj/commander.js/

nickysielicki
See also: https://github.com/nhoffman/argparse-bash

A great option when you're stuck with an old crusty script that you don't want to completely rewrite in python, but do want to clean up enough so that you can call it with `-h` and remember how to use it a few months in the future.

Unfortunately, this won't help you if you're on embedded where python isn't in the base system.

hnarn
I also really like the "flag" package for Go, it generates the help text for you and easily lets you set defaults as well as helps you type-check inputs.
daitangio
Try pyhon click: from flask& jinja2 author, it is very nice
xvolter
I also posted to the github gist, this the sed command here is not cross-plataform friendly. You can accomplish the same thing with an awk command though:

awk '/^###/' "$0"

jpxw
Nice, this is much cleaner
yesenadam
This also strips the leading hashes + optional space:

    awk 'sub("^### ?","")' "$0"
stkai
Handy! Now, can it author the help text as well? ;)
ahnick
I like the idea of combining the header with the help documentation to reduce the number of areas to maintain in smaller scripts. For larger scripts though, I think I'd still prefer to have a separate function, so that the help documentation doesn't overwhelm the initial viewing of the actual code.

I also like to feed a heredoc directly into man, which allows you to achieve nicer formatting for the help documentation. Something like this...

  man -l - << EOF
  .\" Manpage for encpass.sh.
  .\" Email contact@plyint.com to correct errors or typos.
  .TH man 8 "06 March 2020" "1.0" "encpass.sh man page"
  .SH NAME
  encpass.sh \- Use encrypted passwords in shell scripts
  ...
  EOF
See encpass.sh for a working example of this -> https://github.com/plyint/encpass.sh/blob/master/encpass.sh
lolsal
> so that the help documentation doesn't overwhelm the initial viewing of the actual code.

That is a very strange argument to me. You find that more cumbersome than jumping around to random functions?

ahnick
No, I think the readability of the help documentation itself is largely the same whether it is placed in the header or in a dedicated function. When I'm viewing the shell script code though, often I want to jump right in and see the actual code, not look at the help documentation.

By having the help documentation in a function in the middle or towards the end of the file, I don't have to page down through the help documentation to get to the code that is actually doing things. If I'm really interested in the help documentation, then I'd prefer to look at the nicely formatted version output by the script (<script> --help or whatever) rather than looking in the actual script code anyway.

Admittedly, this may be more of a subjective personal preference item.

sicromoft
Note that this doesn't work on macOS, where the builtin `man` command doesn't support the `-l` option.
ahnick
Ah interesting, is there any workaround for Mac? Otherwise, I may just have to fallback to stripping the man page formatting and sending it to less.
enriquto
> is there any workaround for Mac?

Yeah, any regular unix will do, for example openbsd, freebsd or any linux distribution.

tobylane
If I understand your need correctly: pandoc.
ahnick
pandoc is not installed on macOS out-of-the-box though right? The user would have to pull via homebrew or something?
gpanders
The actual `man` command does this:

    /usr/bin/tbl | /usr/bin/groff -Wall -mtty-char -Tascii -mandoc -c | /usr/bin/less -is
So you could do it "manually" that way. Not the cleanest or prettiest solution but it's much lighter weight than using something like pandoc.

EDIT: Full example:

    { /usr/bin/tbl | /usr/bin/groff -Wall -mtty-char -Tascii -mandoc -c | /usr/bin/less -is; } <<EOF
    .\" Manpage for encpass.sh.
    .\" Email contact@plyint.com to correct errors or typos.
    .TH man 8 "06 March 2020" "1.0" "encpass.sh man page"
    .SH NAME
    encpass.sh \- Use encrypted passwords in shell scripts
    ...
    EOF
ahnick
Thanks, this worked well on Mac.
7786655
Pretty sure this won't work if the script is called via $PATH
pwdisswordfish2 

    x=$(command -v $0 2>/dev/null)
    sed -rn 's/^### ?//;T;p' $x
Personally I would not use the author's chosen sed commands.

    exec sed -n '/^###/p' $x
would work fine.
heinrichhartman
I like to do:

    help() { cat $0 }
"May the source be with you." : )
[deleted]
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sneak
Why is “./script.sh -h” better than “less script.sh”?
mttpgn
I just spent three days explaining a bash script I authored to a tech lead who "doesn't know bash that well". If I had written in more help messages I probably could have preserved more of my time.
raggi
I used this strategy in "fx" which is a development helper frontend for fuchsia builds and tools. I used four # for the "short description" and three for the long description. The reason I used the strategy there is that lot of our scripts delegate arguments to native commands, and so adding help purely to --help wasn't really a good ROI. Implementation: https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/master...
oweiler
This is not elegant, this is an ugly hack at best.
OliverJones
Cool. I did this on 7th Edition UNIX in 1977. I forget how. It's interesting that ....

* NIX makes people do creative things

All that Bell Labs stuff still works the way it always did.

* People are still reinventing this particular wheel, and

* This embedded help stuff still somehow hasn't made it into the infrastructure along with autocomplete.

flaxton
Didn't work on macOS (multiple sed errors - switches differ from Linux) but prompted me to write a help function ;-)
gfosco
I have a project that makes heavy use of sed.. On macOS, I `brew install gnu-sed` and use `gsed` instead, so it works like other platforms.
flaxton
Nice! I will check that out.
jeffrom
Something I've wanted to do for a while is build a library to parse and generate use lines / documentation that adheres to the posix useline spec (can't find the link at the moment) while also being able to idempotently (de)serialize and be descriptive enough to define arguments and flags in a way a human could easily understand. iirc the spec seemed probably too vague to just work with all the currently existing man pages, but it would be nice to have a spec all programs can follow that machines can parse on my os.
j1elo
I learnt the same trick some years ago, from an article called Shell Scripts Matter:

https://dev.to/thiht/shell-scripts-matter

So I took some of the advice and tips offered in there, and wrote a template file to be used as a baseline when writing scripts for any project that might need one:

https://github.com/j1elo/shell-snippets/blob/master/template...

Other resources that I link in the readme of that repo, because they were a great guide to write better and more robust scripts, are:

- Writing Robust Bash Shell Scripts: https://www.davidpashley.com/articles/writing-robust-shell-s...

- Common shell script mistakes: http://www.pixelbeat.org/programming/shell_script_mistakes.h...

- Bash Pitfalls: http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashPitfalls

- The Bash Hackers Wiki: https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/

EDIT: -for anyone who would like to read some actual examples- I have to manage a bunch of scripts so actually a slightly more up to date version of the template is put into practice by means of a common bash.conf file that then gets sourced by all scripts: https://github.com/Kurento/adm-scripts/blob/master/bash.conf...

themodelplumber
Thank you for this really helpful comment. It's like an encyclopedia's worth of bash information in one go--much appreciated.
j1elo
You're welcome! Shell scripting has a weird language, unsafe by default, and very prone to mistakes... but knowing it well pays off.

People say that for complex things it's better to write Python, but that doesn't fly in embedded or Docker environments. Python is not even present in the default Ubuntu Docker images. Also if all you want to do is really write glue code between CLI programs, shell scripting is the way to go.

Happy coding!

mercer
I'll second the thanks. Thanks!
maddyboo
A bash pitfall which I have experienced but didn’t see mentioned is the behavior of the `set -e` (errexit) option when using command substitution. If you expect failures within the command substitution to cause the script to exit, you’re gonna be confused.

https://twitter.com/hellsmaddy/status/1273744824835796993?s=...

Tl;dr use `shopt -s inherit_errexit`

Anthony-G
Thanks. I wasn't aware of that option. I've added the following to my Bash-specific shell scripts:

    # Cause command substitution to inherit the value of the `errexit` option.
    # Introduced in Bash 4.4
    if [ "${BASH_VERSINFO[0]}" -gt 4 ] ||
      { [ "${BASH_VERSINFO[0]}" -eq 4 ] && [ "${BASH_VERSINFO[1]}" -ge 4 ]; }; then
        shopt -s inherit_errexit
    fi
owenshen24
Unrelated: Is there any connection between the author and the other sam[]zdat who writes about society and other intriguing topics?

https://samzdat.com/

krick
I wouldn't know, but there is no reason for me to be thinking something like that. "Samizdat" is not really a name or something, it's a transliteration of "самиздат", which is a short/colloquial for "самостоятельное издательство", which literally means "self-publishing" (this was a thing during the USSR, where "self-publishing" was basically opposed to "real, official government-approved publishing"). I believe it's just a "clever" domain somebody was able to acquire, nothing more.
thangalin
There's an endless variation on how shell scripts can present help information. Here's another, consider this array:

    ARGUMENTS+=(
      "a,arch,Target operating system architecture (amd64)"
      "b,build,Suppress building application"
      "o,os,Target operating system (linux, windows, mac)"
      "u,update,Java update version number (${ARG_JRE_UPDATE})"
      "v,version,Full Java version (${ARG_JRE_VERSION})"
    )
The lines are machine-readable and alignment is computed by the template:

https://github.com/DaveJarvis/scrivenvar/blob/master/build-t...

When install script[0] help is requested, the following is produced:

    $ ./installer -h
    Usage: installer [OPTIONS...]

      -V, --verbose  Log messages while processing
      -h, --help     Show this help message then exit
      -a, --arch     Target operating system architecture (amd64)
      -b, --build    Suppress building application
      -o, --os       Target operating system (linux, windows, mac)
      -u, --update   Java update version number (8)
      -v, --version  Full Java version (14.0.1)
Using an array reduces some duplication, though more can be eliminated. Scripts typically have two places where the arguments are referenced: help and switch statements. The switch statements resemble:

https://github.com/DaveJarvis/scrivenvar/blob/master/install...

Usually parsing arguments entails either assigning a variable or (not) performing an action later. Introducing another convention would allow hoisting the switch statement out of the installer script and into the template. Off the cuff, this could resemble:

    ARGUMENTS+=(
      "ARG_ARCH,a,arch,Target operating system architecture (amd64)"
      "do_build=noop,b,build,Suppress building application"
      "ARG_JRE_OS,o,os,Target operating system (linux, windows, mac)"
      "ARG_JRE_UPDATE,u,update,Java update version number (${ARG_JRE_UPDATE})"
      "ARG_JRE_VERSION,v,version,Full Java version (${ARG_JRE_VERSION})"
    )
The instructions to execute when arguments are parsed are thus associated with the arguments themselves, in a quasi-FP style. This approach, not including the FP convention, is discussed at length in my Typesetting Markdown series[1].

[0]: https://github.com/DaveJarvis/scrivenvar/blob/master/install...

[1]: https://dave.autonoma.ca/blog/2019/05/22/typesetting-markdow...

hansdieter1337
Even better: Don’t use bash. I started using Python instead of bash. It’s way better to read and more maintainable. If I need the performance of native-Unix commands, I can still use them using subprocess.
ben509
Python is surprisingly bad at managing subprocesses, though. Read the subprocess docs closely, it's quite easy to get deadlocks if you try to compose operations the way you can in bash.
ChAns0n
Python is not as handy/efficient as bash when you want to utilize some existing Unix commands. And normally it’s crucial to stop bleeding fast if something bad is happened to you server/cluster
argonauts12
I've been migrating shell scripts to python and have found the 'sh' library invaluable for pulling in pure CLI commands from the bash script and adding to the python implementation. http://amoffat.github.io/sh/ It's essentially an abstraction layer above subprocess. Quick example - to use ifconfig natively in python:

from sh import ifconfig print(ifconfig("wlan0"))

dougdonohoe
We do this for Makefile entries - looking for '##' that we put before each make command.

  ## help: prints this help message
  help:
     @echo "Usage: \n"
     @egrep -h "^## [a-zA-Z0-9\-]*:" ${MAKEFILE_LIST} | sed -e 's/##//' | column -t -s ':' |  sed -e 's/^/ /'

  ## build: builds JAR with dependencies
  build:
     mvn compile
fomine3
I'm particular about: If I run a command and its arguments is wrong, it should output error and help messages to STDERR. But if I run a command with --help argument, it should output help messages to STDOUT.
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xelxebar
This reminds me of a nice sed one-liner I recently happened to craft.

Do you ever collect families of functions in your shell scripts under different sections? Here's a nice way of printing out all the functions under a given section:

    funs(){ sed -n '/^## /h;x;/'"$1"'/{x;s/^\(\w\+\)().*/\1/p;x};x' "$0";}
Where "sections" are delimited by comments of the form "## Section Name" at the beginning of a line. A particularly nice use case is when you write scripts that expect "subcommand" arguments, like

    $ foo.sh bar baz
and wish to keep track of the available subcommands in the help documentation. Simply collect all your subcommands under the heading "## Subcommands" and stick a funs call in your documentation:

    usage=$(cat <<USAGE
    Usage: foo <subcommand>
    Subcommands: $(funs Subcommands)
    USAGE
    )
The sed one-liner above uses the oft-ignored "hold space" which lets you store data that persists between lines. Here's the same sed but expanded with comments:

    funs(){ sed -n '/^## /h  # Store header line in hold space
        x               # Swap out current line with header in hold space.
        /'"$1"'/{       # Run block if last encountered header matches $1
            x           # Return to processing current line (instead of header)
            s/^\(\w\+\)().*/\1/p    # Print function names
            x           # Whether or not this block runs, we want to return to
                        # processing the current line. If the block does not
                        # run, then the hold space contains our current line
                        # with the active line being our header. So we must
        }               # return to that state as whell when the block is run.
        x               # Restore current line from hold space' "$0"
    }
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