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How do I know if I have this problem?
This appears to be a blood test for the "Type-I IFN" factor referenced in the study:

https://dxterity.com/interferon-type-1/#:~:text=The%20IFN%2D....

A quick search indicates there might be something comparable from the usual mass-market retail labs (Quest, LabCorp).

How interesting. I have lupus and I’m in a very small lupus-related subreddit (<5,000 members) and we’ve had quite a few posts from people who are claiming they had COVID-19 and now have lupus. I kind assumed they were just having the lingering COVID symptoms that have been in the news rather than actual lupus. Perhaps there is a relation after all?
TL;DR:

"Based on our study, we propose that type I IFN deficiency is a hallmark of severe COVID-19 and infer that severe COVID-19 patients might be potentially relieved from the IFN deficiency by IFN administration and from exacerbated inflammation by adapted anti-inflammatory therapies targeting IL-6 or TNF-α, a hypothesis worth cautious testing."