Lesson - just because people claim they are doing "science" doesn't mean they are doing either good or correct science. Subtle unchallenged assumptions, cause-and-effect confusion, inadequate root-cause analysis, invalid inferential logic and questionable proof-by-statistics.
Maybe a better question - should psychology even be considered scientific or a science in the first place?
Sloppy science is done in every field, natural sciences included. The article even leads with the statement that psychology experience more reversals due to being exceptionally open in terms of sharing code and data compared to other social sciences.
Reversals through replication failure is scientific progress. Your “better” question is nothing of the sort, just lazy contrarianism.
> Reversals through replication failure is scientific progress.
Not really. If a flat earther comes and says that the earth is flat, and you take him up in a airplane and show him the curvature of the earth, he can’t say that flat earth study is science because “reversals through replication failure is scientific progress”
There is a difference between making real scientific contributions through careful research, trial design, and statistical analysis, and spouting BS.
After a bunch of high profile reversals, psychology is looking more like the spouting BS group that then justifies themselves by saying that clearing up BS is scientific advancement.
If we want society to be able to actually use science to make decisions, then we have to be careful to differentiate science from BS.
Even if people have impressive titles at institutions and landmark discoveries to their name, doesn't mean they are doing either good or correct science.
I wish psychology researchers would organize bigger experiments more. Instead of 1000 sample sizes of 20, why not have one sample size of 20000? Less personal glory, and more hard management work, no doubt, but the preponderance of small studies seems like a huge waste.
Most psychology work is done in universities with limited funding. Hiring the staff to run a study with 20,000 people is prohibitively expensive for any lab.
Some alternatives exist - for example, some studies can be run on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Tom Griffiths using this to good effect. (& I did the same for my dissertation)
Everything you say is true, probably for all fields. There is undeserved faith in peer review processes (https://www.vox.com/2015/12/7/9865086/peer-review-science-pr...), inadequate understanding of statistics (or maybe purposefully poor application of statistics), poor incentive structures, and other issues that corrupt "science". This is why I always cringe a little when someone says "trust the science".
Killing the messenger, really. This stuff has been documented in all sorts of fields, including pharmacology, neuroscience, oncology, you name it. I think there's been posts here on HN lately about replicability problems with AI research?
Psychology is fuzzy because of the subject matter, but (appropriately I think) it's also better at turning the microscope on itself (meta-analysis really has its origins in psychology).
Pretending this doesn't happen elsewhere is dangerous. Maybe the rates vary from field to field, but psychology isn't alone. If you applied that standard to every field there would be almost nothing left except maybe physics and some other closely related fields.
>>>> Maybe a better question - should psychology even be considered scientific or a science in the first place?
Psychology has embraced scientific methodology. However, it has struggled to produce a reliable scientific knowledge base. There are some successes in psychology, that tempt one to apply the label "scientific," but they are in areas that might be controversial, such as advertising and manipulation.
I refer you to my statement about "unchallenged assumptions". Like the assumption that the reductive scientific process can be glibly applied to emergent complex phenomenon like psychology. As I said, people can say they are doing science, it neither means what they are doing is good or correct science.
Not sure where you're getting your definition of science from, but it doesn't correspond to those from authoritative sources.
Here, for example, is Brittanica's:
> Science, any system of knowledge that is concerned with the physical world and its phenomena and that entails unbiased observations and systematic experimentation. In general, a science involves a pursuit of knowledge covering general truths or the operations of fundamental laws.
> Science can be divided into different branches based on the subject of study. The physical sciences study the inorganic world and comprise the fields of astronomy, physics, chemistry, and the Earth sciences. The biological sciences such as biology and medicine study the organic world of life and its processes. Social sciences like anthropology and economics study the social and cultural aspects of human behaviour.
This article has been on the web since 1998. The Encyclopedia from which it is sourced has been publishing in print since 1768. If the entry on Science wasn't in the first edition, it probably wasn't too long before it first appeared.
I encourage you to take your issue up with the editors and authors there.
Well those "definitions" don't deal with essential concepts of the scientific process like falsifiability or reductionism, both of which are highly debatable when it comes to the study of complex emergent phenomena, such as psychology. Nor do they deal with the idea of good science vs bad science, and what makes those things. I suspect "science" to a physicist probably means something slightly different to a person who writes dictionaries.
This word "screen time" seems to be very poorly defined. I think the harmfulness surely strongly depends on what you're doing with the screen. Reading a book? Writing a book? Scrolling through social media?
There are (at least) three ways to consider "harmful" too.
+ Looking at screens is actually just hard on your eyes. You can make this better (eye relief screens, less brightness, make sure to look away from screens occasionally, blink...)
+ Spending a whole bunch of time staring at a screen may be a sign something else is going on - anxiety, depression, etc. The screen isn't the cause, it's just a form of escapism.
+ "Vegging" where you endlessly scroll memes or tiktoks or whatever the cool kids are doing these days. It's not quite relaxing, but it's not beneficial either. Especially with social media, it can actually be really anxiety causing.
Multiple replications are no guarantee of strong evidence. The first example (elderly priming) in the article shows that. It's the old file drawer problem.
I notice that the page says that Daryl Bem's experiements on precognition have no good evidence. I poked around a bit and immediately found this paper on a metanalysis from 2016 on the topic.
To encourage replications, all materials needed to conduct them were made available on request. We here report a meta-analysis of 90 experiments from 33 laboratories in 14 countries which yielded an overall effect greater than 6 sigma, z = 6.40, p = 1.2 × 10 -10 with an effect size (Hedges’ g) of 0.09. A Bayesian analysis yielded a Bayes Factor of 5.1 × 10 9, greatly exceeding the criterion value of 100 for “decisive evidence” in support of the experimental hypothesis. When DJB’s original experiments are excluded, the combined effect size for replications by independent investigators is 0.06, z = 4.16, p = 1.1 × 10 -5, and the BF value is 3,853, again exceeding the criterion for “decisive evidence.” The number of potentially unretrieved experiments required to reduce the overall effect size of the complete database to a trivial value of 0.01 is 544, and seven of eight additional statistical tests support the conclusion that the database is not significantly compromised by either selection bias or by intense “ p-hacking”—the selective suppression of findings or analyses that failed to yield statistical significance. P-curve analysis, a recently introduced statistical technique, estimates the true effect size of the experiments to be 0.20 for the complete database and 0.24 for the independent replications, virtually identical to the effect size of DJB’s original experiments (0.22) and the closely related “presentiment” experiments (0.21). We discuss the controversial status of precognition and other anomalous effects collectively known as psi.
Any science you hear about on the news is by selection bias more likely to be wrong than the science you never hear about. In short: news is destroying our trust in science by picking the worst examples of it for clicks.
The replication crisis in psychology has been on for a solid decade now. We need to stop treating poor statistical practice as negligence and start treating it as fraud.
I'm not arguing that these people are malicious, or that they aren't stupid. I'm arguing that we should start punishing them as if they were malicious. The default assumption should be: fraud. The fallback should be: incompetence to the point of negligence. But really we start out by treating them like frauds.
Just add a statistician to review every single paper in every field for statistical error before publication. Every journal that doesn't do this should be deemed unscientific and lose all its status.
Of course this wont happen since many "scientists" got to their current position by publishing non-results using bad statistical methods.
And no, this wouldn't be too expensive at all. Is it really too expensive to check that our record of human knowledge is correct? It wouldn't cost more than a couple of hundred dollars per paper, basically nothing compared to writing the paper.
Yes, it's a tough nut to crack because so many of the people in power now are incompetent frauds. They're not stupid, though, which makes it harder...
Change is happening, but slowly. I think what's going on is you can get social points by condescending to peers who don't do the causal inference well. I mean...you can be demonstrably right. The proportion of people who can see what you mean and then correctly attribute the points to you is growing.
"No good evidence for multiple intelligences (in the sense of statistically independent components of cognition)."
But shouldn't the burden of proof be the other way around? Why is it more reasonable to believe that ability in different cognitive activities can be abstracted into a single component called "intelligence" than it is to believe that performance in unrelated cognitive tasks would be unrelated?
Assigning disproportionate importance to IQ is inversely correlated with other types of abilities, even if IQ itself is positively correlated.
If you interview someone for a job and ask what they like to do in their free time, and their only answer is they belong to Mensa, do you expect they will have musical, mechanical, linguistic, athletic, etc. talent?
Ambiguous question. Everyone has those talents to some extent. Do you mean more than average? Exceptional (eg. top 1%)? More likely to have than if they had a lower IQ, or something else?
It's important because you might be asking for comparison to an average IQ person. But given this additional information obviously not, since we know they don't do any of those activities. But so? There's still a correlation. You say "disproportionate" but how do you determine that? What's the proportionate correlation that "normal" high IQ people will assign? Read the research and quote the numbers? OK but won't the Mensa member be doing the same? If it's just a hand-wavy idea like I gave, how can you compare?
> Why is it more reasonable to believe that ability in different cognitive activities can be abstracted into a single component called "intelligence" than it is to believe that performance in unrelated cognitive tasks would be unrelated?
Presumably because both hypotheses can be tested and one of them came out ahead?
Interesting. I have a Master's in Cognitive Psychology (from long ago, the 1990s), but it was in the domain Human Factors, so I view "cognitive psychology" in a very different light than these example. See some common examples like:
Also things involving haptics, echo-location, alarm response, etc...
What these things had in common, I think, is they treated the human mind as pretty much a black box, the dependent measures were not much subject to bias, and the experiments were easy to run on large samples of people. Such findings are pretty useful when designing things like nuclear power plants, airplane cockpits, shock trauma resuscitation bays, etc...
This is completely unusable to me. The title says reversals yet the body doesn’t seem to contain reversals…
“No strong evidence of X” is a lot different than “Strong evidence against X.” Any study of anything (true or not) will conclude “insufficient evidence” if the sample size is too small, or there is no control group.
I think it’s the general consensus that anything in research, especially psychology is undecided until what’s called a “meta-study” is released.
Also, Perhaps universities should have unaffiliated professors do each other’s experiments and analyze their data (all videotaped) to avoid the inherent conflict of interest in research.
48 comments
[ 1.9 ms ] story [ 113 ms ] threadMaybe a better question - should psychology even be considered scientific or a science in the first place?
Reversals through replication failure is scientific progress. Your “better” question is nothing of the sort, just lazy contrarianism.
Not really. If a flat earther comes and says that the earth is flat, and you take him up in a airplane and show him the curvature of the earth, he can’t say that flat earth study is science because “reversals through replication failure is scientific progress”
There is a difference between making real scientific contributions through careful research, trial design, and statistical analysis, and spouting BS.
After a bunch of high profile reversals, psychology is looking more like the spouting BS group that then justifies themselves by saying that clearing up BS is scientific advancement.
If we want society to be able to actually use science to make decisions, then we have to be careful to differentiate science from BS.
I of course exempt my own field, linguistics, which is the most scientific of all. (Yes, that is a joke.)
You can do good scientific research in that field. But it's much harder than in other fields.
Some alternatives exist - for example, some studies can be run on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Tom Griffiths using this to good effect. (& I did the same for my dissertation)
Yet at the same time, I think psychology is especially susceptible to these problems, because it is a more fuzzy "social science" (more like sociology, less like physics). It suffers immense bias due to those who select themselves into the field and also how they study it. Psychology researchers typically conduct non-generalizable experiments with immense sampling bias (https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/non-weird-science/20...). Then there are replication problems (https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/11/psycholo...). They're also not making any progress in addressing these issues because of meta cultural problems about acknowledging problems in the field (https://www.wired.com/2016/03/psychology-crisis-whether-cris...).
Psychology is fuzzy because of the subject matter, but (appropriately I think) it's also better at turning the microscope on itself (meta-analysis really has its origins in psychology).
Pretending this doesn't happen elsewhere is dangerous. Maybe the rates vary from field to field, but psychology isn't alone. If you applied that standard to every field there would be almost nothing left except maybe physics and some other closely related fields.
Psychology has embraced scientific methodology. However, it has struggled to produce a reliable scientific knowledge base. There are some successes in psychology, that tempt one to apply the label "scientific," but they are in areas that might be controversial, such as advertising and manipulation.
I refer you to my statement about "unchallenged assumptions". Like the assumption that the reductive scientific process can be glibly applied to emergent complex phenomenon like psychology. As I said, people can say they are doing science, it neither means what they are doing is good or correct science.
Here, for example, is Brittanica's:
> Science, any system of knowledge that is concerned with the physical world and its phenomena and that entails unbiased observations and systematic experimentation. In general, a science involves a pursuit of knowledge covering general truths or the operations of fundamental laws.
> Science can be divided into different branches based on the subject of study. The physical sciences study the inorganic world and comprise the fields of astronomy, physics, chemistry, and the Earth sciences. The biological sciences such as biology and medicine study the organic world of life and its processes. Social sciences like anthropology and economics study the social and cultural aspects of human behaviour.
https://www.britannica.com/science/science
This article has been on the web since 1998. The Encyclopedia from which it is sourced has been publishing in print since 1768. If the entry on Science wasn't in the first edition, it probably wasn't too long before it first appeared.
I encourage you to take your issue up with the editors and authors there.
https://corporate.britannica.com/contact/
Do let us know how you make out!
https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2019-01-15-technology-use-explains...
That shouldn't be taken as evidence of the opposite, though (not that you said that!).
+ Looking at screens is actually just hard on your eyes. You can make this better (eye relief screens, less brightness, make sure to look away from screens occasionally, blink...)
+ Spending a whole bunch of time staring at a screen may be a sign something else is going on - anxiety, depression, etc. The screen isn't the cause, it's just a form of escapism.
+ "Vegging" where you endlessly scroll memes or tiktoks or whatever the cool kids are doing these days. It's not quite relaxing, but it's not beneficial either. Especially with social media, it can actually be really anxiety causing.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4706048/
Any thoughts on this? This paper says:
To encourage replications, all materials needed to conduct them were made available on request. We here report a meta-analysis of 90 experiments from 33 laboratories in 14 countries which yielded an overall effect greater than 6 sigma, z = 6.40, p = 1.2 × 10 -10 with an effect size (Hedges’ g) of 0.09. A Bayesian analysis yielded a Bayes Factor of 5.1 × 10 9, greatly exceeding the criterion value of 100 for “decisive evidence” in support of the experimental hypothesis. When DJB’s original experiments are excluded, the combined effect size for replications by independent investigators is 0.06, z = 4.16, p = 1.1 × 10 -5, and the BF value is 3,853, again exceeding the criterion for “decisive evidence.” The number of potentially unretrieved experiments required to reduce the overall effect size of the complete database to a trivial value of 0.01 is 544, and seven of eight additional statistical tests support the conclusion that the database is not significantly compromised by either selection bias or by intense “ p-hacking”—the selective suppression of findings or analyses that failed to yield statistical significance. P-curve analysis, a recently introduced statistical technique, estimates the true effect size of the experiments to be 0.20 for the complete database and 0.24 for the independent replications, virtually identical to the effect size of DJB’s original experiments (0.22) and the closely related “presentiment” experiments (0.21). We discuss the controversial status of precognition and other anomalous effects collectively known as psi.
I should probably stop listening to those.
Any science you hear about on the news is by selection bias more likely to be wrong than the science you never hear about. In short: news is destroying our trust in science by picking the worst examples of it for clicks.
I'm not arguing that these people are malicious, or that they aren't stupid. I'm arguing that we should start punishing them as if they were malicious. The default assumption should be: fraud. The fallback should be: incompetence to the point of negligence. But really we start out by treating them like frauds.
But treating them like criminals seems a step too far.
Of course this wont happen since many "scientists" got to their current position by publishing non-results using bad statistical methods.
And no, this wouldn't be too expensive at all. Is it really too expensive to check that our record of human knowledge is correct? It wouldn't cost more than a couple of hundred dollars per paper, basically nothing compared to writing the paper.
Change is happening, but slowly. I think what's going on is you can get social points by condescending to peers who don't do the causal inference well. I mean...you can be demonstrably right. The proportion of people who can see what you mean and then correctly attribute the points to you is growing.
"No good evidence for multiple intelligences (in the sense of statistically independent components of cognition)."
But shouldn't the burden of proof be the other way around? Why is it more reasonable to believe that ability in different cognitive activities can be abstracted into a single component called "intelligence" than it is to believe that performance in unrelated cognitive tasks would be unrelated?
Gardner's multiple intelligences are just made up. They didn't appear out of some analysis. He just imagined them and declared them to exist.
If you interview someone for a job and ask what they like to do in their free time, and their only answer is they belong to Mensa, do you expect they will have musical, mechanical, linguistic, athletic, etc. talent?
...in the same proportion as a person randomly selected from the general population with the same IQ.
My point is that the overall correlation is obviously not going to hold, among people who derive self-worth from IQ in particular.
But those are the people who want to talk about the correlation. It's self-defeating.
Presumably because both hypotheses can be tested and one of them came out ahead?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroop_effect https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitts%27s_law
Also things involving haptics, echo-location, alarm response, etc...
What these things had in common, I think, is they treated the human mind as pretty much a black box, the dependent measures were not much subject to bias, and the experiments were easy to run on large samples of people. Such findings are pretty useful when designing things like nuclear power plants, airplane cockpits, shock trauma resuscitation bays, etc...
“No strong evidence of X” is a lot different than “Strong evidence against X.” Any study of anything (true or not) will conclude “insufficient evidence” if the sample size is too small, or there is no control group.
I think it’s the general consensus that anything in research, especially psychology is undecided until what’s called a “meta-study” is released.
Also, Perhaps universities should have unaffiliated professors do each other’s experiments and analyze their data (all videotaped) to avoid the inherent conflict of interest in research.
It is not a scientific category of inquiry by itself though the way a theory of nodes does make sense outside of graph theory.