An analysis of performance evolution of Linux’s core operations (2019) (blog.acolyer.org)

Note that recovering some performance is possible when the system only ever runs trusted code. E.g., start the kernel with the mitigations=off option. For more, see:

https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/kernel-pa...

https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/hw-vuln/i...