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It is so good to see an archeological announcement article that includes photos of the actual find! Great that they shared them.
> When that happens, though, Colombia will face a challenge from Spain and an indigenous group in Bolivia to determine who keeps the bounty.

I understand the Colombian and Bolivian claims, but Spain trying to get their blood gold 300 years after enslaving and murdering the natives is a bit rich.

I know, right - "Spain insists that the bounty is theirs since it was aboard a Spanish ship" - I couldn't believe that! Like if you catch someone stealing stuff from your house and loading it into a truck, and they say "It's mine because it's it my truck". Not just saying it, but insisting on it in court. Shameful.
It's interesting because because former colonial powers argue that they acted by the moral standards of that time - and thus can't be judged today for that. And on the first opportunity they demonstrate that we didn't improved much as a species.
That is absolutely standard legal practice though. Laws generally aren’t retroactive for good reason.
I understand non retroactive part. But claiming stolen gold now - I do not think it should ever be legal. On top of that it is simple disgusting. Really shows what their values are. Enlightened society my ass. They should be shown middle finger.
I think the claim is that back then the law was “finders keepers” so it shouldn’t retroactively be called theft. Personally I don’t find that argument very compelling.
It was never stolen though. Wars of conquest and slavery were perfectly legal under international law at the time.

I agree it’s a dick move by Spain and really tarnishes their reputation today. But that’s not a legal argument.

Another example: Is UK going to pay reparations to its old colonies? Don't think so.
Whose moral standards at the time? Seems like there was no agreement between indigenous South Americans' government and Spanish invaders at the time either.
More specifically, the Brussels convention that underlies modern marine salvage law carves out military ships as exempt from salvage rules. Spain insists on being tone deaf and maintains that their treasure ships were in fact military vessels and that the cargo is therefore still the property of Spain.
Is the US government going to return their lands to Native American peoples?
Lot of colonial claims become bogus if they don’t continue to keep that stance
Their statement was something like “hey, thanks for finding our stuff. Please let us know when we can have it back.”. You gotta admire the chutzpah.
Honestly by that logic the British have a stronger claim, they sunk the ship.

(Both claims would be/are farcical)

Not according to the law of the sea.
You know, it would certainly lighten my mood if we had a lil pirate gold war in 2022. I think it would be good for us all.
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As a Catalan... that's standard behaviour for Spain since more than 300 years. No surprises there.

If the Colombians don't give the treasure willingly the Spanish will start calling them tight arses.

How is "As a Catalan..." relevant in this context?
The costs of putting down catalonian rebellions were one of the major fiscal issues of the 17th century Spanish Empire and a substantial portion of the gold on this ship would have gone towards the war of Spanish Succession, which itself resulted in the Nueva Planta Decrees that contributed to modern Catalan nationalism. It's certainly not irrelevant here, plus you know... centuries of conflict with Spain.
I've always thought the Spanish succession war involved Spain, France, Great Britain, Netherlands and Germany[1]. Today I learnt it was about a catalonian rebellion.

[1]https://militarymaps.rct.uk/war-of-the-spanish-succession-17....

However, Catalonia was not a kingdom but a region inside the Kingdom of Aragon, like Valencia, for example.
The "Catalonian rebellion" I was mentioned was the Reaper's War, which was hugely expensive for Spain and the payments for which involved what would become a long series of currency devaluations.

The war of Spanish Succession was between the countries you mentioned, as well as Catalonia as a part of both Spain and France. One important event in that war was the formation of an army of Habsburg loyalists by Catalonia to dispute the treaties of Utrecht. This in turn led to the Nueva Planta decrees and the end of Catalonia as an autonomous principality within Spain.

If you have any more questions about imperial Spain (particularly the colonies) or you'd like me to go into more depth, feel free to ask.

[1] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reapers%27_War

It is not. Catalonia is one of the richest regions on Spain nowadays.
Allow me to be a bit "blunt" and controversial here: Catalonia based their economy in slavery[1][2][3][4]. Are Catalans going to make reparations to the descendents of those slaves?

Sadly, what is in the past cannot be undone. We can help poor and needed people, though. And we should be doing that, independently of their ancestors.

[1] https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/apr/13/barcelona-sla...

[2] https://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20200622/481890711216/a...

[3] https://aldianews.com/culture/heritage-and-history/very-prof...

[4] https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-latin-america-48476378

200t is more than many country gold reserves https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/gold-rese...
At the time it must have represented a sizeable proportion of the world's gold. There was significantly less gold mined in the early 18th century when this vessel was sunk.
200t is “gold, silver, and emeralds”
From the article it’s believed a large portion of the 200t is gold. In the 150t range.

  > In the 150t range.
For context, that's more than the Saturn V payload to orbit. The Galleon San José must have been the Saturn V of its time, literally traveling to what was to Europeans a strange new world.
Side rant: What a crappy color scheme.
This will be the century of underwater archaeology. We will learn so much that we thought was lost for good.
> When that happens, though, Colombia will face a challenge from Spain and an indigenous group in Bolivia to determine who keeps the bounty.

They should de divide the gold between all the natives (indigenous) of the region. I don't think the gold should go to Colombia simply because that country did exist back then, the Spanish were stealing from natives.

At the very least they should give all the gold to some branch of government concerned with indigenous rights.

>"They should de divide the gold between all the natives"

I wish. But in practice I'd say when the hell freezes over.

>when the hell freezes over

as if there is only one. i live at least 3 different hells per day

To be fair, the natives who would receive the money didn't exist either back then.
> To be fair

There's no way to be fair with this. There is no "rightful owner" of this gold, so anything that's done with it is unfair in some way.

It's true that the descendants of the people who were harmed in the collection (stealing, mining, or both) of that gold were not alive then, but their current conditions were determined by the behavior of the colonists who collected the gold.

They would have inherited a very different (likely better) life if the colonists had not arrived.

  > They would have inherited a very different (likely better) life if the colonists had not arrived.
This presents a very rosy-glasses version of history, likely based on the noble savage myth. Do you have any idea how the standard of living has changed in the past 600 years? Malnutrition, disease, lifespan, hours of leisure, infant mortality, are all far better today than they were in Precolumbian south america, even among the poor.
Better today that they were in Precolonial South-America and better that they were in Europe at the time.
They might have been up to the bronze age by now
>Spain insists that the bounty is theirs since it was aboard a Spanish ship

This quote is making my head spin, what a damn bold statement from a modern democracy.

"Yeah you know how our ancestors enslaved, murdered and plundered your natives? Well, we're calling dibs on that bounty, after all conquistadors dropped it as they were heading home."

Granted, the article doesn't establish who exactly is "Spain".

That's standard practice for shipwrecks. I believe it's part of maritime law, but don't quote me one that.
Thanks, I did wonder as I was typing my comment if it's par for the course. Do you know of recent examples where historical empires/colonizers (basically France, UK, Spain, Portugal, Netherlands or Belgium, do I forget someone?) claimed shipwrecks of locally plundered loot? Granted, it wouldn't make me agree with the position morally even if it's not unusual.

Some Spaniard art or other cultural heritage on board sounds reasonable, but the obviously plundered bounty irks me.

Pretty much always, I think. The Black Swan Treasure is an interesting case. Peru, the US salvage company, and Spain all made cases for the treasure. It was found off the coast of Gibraltar, and Spain doesn't really agree with their borders/sovereignty. There were also allegedly some shenanigans involving the US State Department offering to facilitate the return of the treasure to Spain if Spain helped return a painting that had previously been stolen by Nazis.
There were not "shenanigans", US doctrine is that the shipwreck belongs to the original country that fleet the ship.
I would consider the implied quid pro quo to be the "shenanigans"
>>Spain insists that the bounty is theirs since it was aboard a Spanish ship

>This quote is making my head spin

It's one step up from "Finders...Keepers". It was in our possession last, so therefore it is still ours (shh, don't worry about how we got it or who we took it from).

I mean that's how the UK has still its museums filled to the brim with foreign objects. I dont support Spain on its claims but it is the same logic. This should go to Colombia, period, the treasure is in their waters.
Atleast UK can hide behind status quo. This is of next level.
Much of the population of hispanic America are descendants of both natives and conquistadors.
Plus the black african slaves brought by the conquistadores.

A truly mixed area. This mix gave way to a second generation of "mestizos", "zambos" and "mulatos". I imagine those words are problematic now, but that's what I was taught in school in south america

I would say sure let them have it and then make them pay all the stolen hundreds of billions back
Hmm, that get really fun when applied to modern day. Let's say some country invades and loots other one. Then sinks a ship carrying loot. Now they reclaim the loot from ship wreck. Is the loot fully theirs now?
If you win the war, you get the loot. That's what winning a war means. If you lose, you were the bad guys and need to hand it back plus maybe some other war reparations.
I think it would be better to spend it on broad social programs. Around 90% of Colombians have some form of Amerindian ancestry. Less than 5% are fully Amerindians.
There's ~50 million Colombians, if the wreckage is worth 14 billion, then 14 billion / 50 million = $280 USD per person. I think it'd be better to put it in a museum and donate proceeds to some social program. The museum could have a positive impact on the economy.
I think OP is suggesting to share it with museums across Caribbean and not just Colombia.
- Most of the Colombians are descendants of Spaniards.

- The law of the sea recognizes that the cargo of a shipwreck belongs to the country of the ship’s flag. There was no Colombia nation at the time of the shipwreck.

One solution is to make Spain pay for the retrieval plus charge them an astronomical finders fee. Spain can then keep whatever is retrieved, including the colonial baggage.
by this logic, all of the Americas should be returned to the descendants of the native peoples. I guess we’ll all just go home, all the Europeans back to Europe, Chinese back to China, Africans back to Africa. Quickly now, once we get back we’ll have to do the next round of figuring out how to return the stolen heritage looted by the Roman Empire and the Qin dynasty and the Rashidun Caliphate. We’ve got thousands of years of history to go through people! Look alive now!
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I wonder how well the Colombian Navy patrols this area. I doubt they have a 24/7/365 presence.

This is begging for a pitch deck to a shady bank like HSBC: angel fund my startup to rapidly design/deploy some sonar-equipped unmanned submersibles to locate and snatch as much of this gold as possible from under everyone's noses. I know a guy who works robotics, a guy who studied underwater comms, a geologist interested in undersea mining....I can probably dig up a retired submariner through some Navy contacts....Hmmmm...

You don't need a sub with the crush depth of a Triton 36000/2[1] (price: $50 million), but you do need something with a large carry capacity to reduce the number of trips needed to exploit the site. Maybe something like Boeing's Orca would suffice. [2][3] Even if you spent $100 mil on the sub, $100 mil on the surface ship and staff, maybe even a few million bribing some Colombian Navy/Coast Guard officers.....for a chance to make off with $12 billion in gold (at the current spot price)? Seems like a no-brainer for somebody to fund such an endeavor.

[1] https://tritonsubs.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Datasheet-...

[2] https://www.naval-technology.com/analysis/boeing-orca-xluuv-...

[3] https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/navy-ships/a263440...

How exactly did they give away the location? I struggle to imagine how those pictures would help, unless they left the exif data. And if knowing it was in Columbian waters was enough to find it with publicly available tools it'd likely have already been discovered.
>>>How exactly did they give away the location?

They didn't, not with sufficient detail. Hence the need for the sonar on the submersibles, probably need to do some undersea mapping to pinpoint the wreck. I only know it is "near" Islas del Rosario. It's in water 950 meters deep, so the average concerned citizen can't exactly strap on a wetsuit and go poking around the ocean floor for it.

This site [1] from 2015 claimed it was in 300 meter waters, ~25km from Cartagena. Some of the infographics suggest it is NW of Isla del Tesoro. Maybe best to look at nautical charts of the area, and plot a course from west of Isla Rosario to northwest of Isla del Tesoro, along the part of the sea floor that is ~900m deep (course runs roughly NE). Map/scan that with the sonar on the submersibles, focus on major "outcroppings" that are possibly the San Jose (or the other two nearby shipwrecks). For a second pass, go straight to those outcroppings with a higher-resolution scan, plus visual cameras (use the released photos as reference for visual confirmation). Once pinpointed, send in the bigger cargo-carrier sub with robotic arms, excavator shovel, etc. and start scooping up the treasure.

Split it 60/40 with HSBC, and your team still gets to keep ~$4.7 BILLION. That's a better unicorn offramp than building yet another BS SaaS cloud app.

[1] https://blog.geogarage.com/2015/12/spanish-galleon-may-conta...

With HSBC money you can bribe officials/sailors for the location.

You could set up monitoring of Colombian Naval resources.

You could position your team/startup to be the best contract to work the government retrieval job. Using knowledge from the winning bid, you extract part of the treasure during sanctioned reconnaissance.

Using some legal nonsense, you stake an organization to claim partial rights to the treasure and hope discovery during the legal nonsense reveals the location

You marry a daughter of Poseidon and ask for the treasure as dowry.

A careful review of commercial satellite imagery would probably allow for identifying the approximate location where Colombian ships were running search patterns. Then to actually localize the wreck would require a large, well-equipped boat with side-scan sonar and an ROV. (Don't actually do this.)
I'm guessing you're running with the "Experts believe it contains at least 200 tons of gold, silver and emeralds" line from the article. Without further breakdown you don't really know if you're talking about $12 billion (if virtually all of the 200 tons is gold) or $150 million (if the hoard is virtually all silver) or (probably) somewhere in between.

EDIT: Further research (reading the Wikipedia page) makes it sound closer to your estimate. From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_galleon_San_José:

> The wreck of the San José is estimated to be worth about $14.43 billion as of 2021, based on the speculation that it had up to 11 million 4-doubloons (i.e. 11 million 8 escudos gold coins, or 11 million coins each of 27 grams of 92% gold, totaling 8.8 million troy ounces AGW, or $11.5 billion) and many silver coins on board at the time of its sinking

I now heartily endorse your plan!

There is no way most of it is accessible.
I can imagine a new History Channel show where Robert Clotworthy no longer utters the phrase 'There is an island...', but now says 'There is a shipwreck...'

Commercials will be more than content. Seasons will be made out of 15 minutes of footage. It'll be huge!

real question: we are assuming the value of the gold is market price by weight, but would people really melt this down? i think the value of the coins could be quite different than just the materials they are made of (maybe that sets the floor value)
Quite possibly, in that it is 'easier' (after all the risk entailed in the salvage of the wreck, ofc) to sell plain gold in some form rather than historical artifacts that are easier to track, more notable, have a smaller audience, etc etc. Its tragic, but sensible in a cold blooded, economical fashion.

E.g. Would the criminal enterprise that went to such great lengths to obtain the material rather sell a sizable quantity of unmarked gold ingots to WeDon'tCareWhereItCameFromJewelers LLC for a nice return, or go through an arduous process to sell coins in varied quantities to wealthy collectors.

The problem with sonar is that anyone can listen in. You'd have to do this in a manner that scheduling when nobody else is listening is front of mind. The probelm is that passive systems are damn near impossible to detect so you just have to assume someone is listening at any moment.

One ping only Vasili!

Determining the owner of this treasure will be fascinating. By modern standards, the treasures are ill-gotten gains, extracted by force from an occupied territory. But it was so long ago that the countries and populations involved have only passing resemblance to their modern descendants.

Spain does appear to have recognized law on their side - it was a Spanish flagged ship, and modern Spain is the recognized successor of historical imperial Spain. But giving the treasure to Spain would be tantamount to endorsing colonial looting.

On the other hand, giving it to anyone else sets a precedent for distributing colonial-era wealth as some form of reparations, and trying to unpick hundreds of years of history and population mixing to work out exactly who should be a beneficiary seems an impossibility.

Maybe it should stay sunken until we have matured a little more as a species.

> trying to unpick hundreds of years of history and population mixing to work out exactly who should be a beneficiary seems an impossibility.

That’s definitely interesting. Consider: - Stalin paid for American war supplies with gold during WWII (see HMS Edinburgh e.g.); - This gold was obtained via forced labor; - My relatives were made part of the forced labor force;

Not yet a hundred of years of history, not much of population mixing yet - I am here and not mixed with anyone except my wife, not much to unpick. So just tell me: which part of the US Treasury should be mine, if you do not want to endorse imperialistic looting?

Exactly, if we attempt to adjudicate crimes committed by people long dead by using their descendants as stand ins then we will be quickly overcome by madness. Its just nonsensical, you can’t come to a just conclusion with no evidence, no witnesses and no suspects remaining. You might as well write a fantasy story and call it truth.
The overwhelming majority of forced labor done in Soviet Russia at the time was done by people convinced of crimes, same as in the US. The difference being they were paid the same as regular laborers outside of the gulags. The US currently has the largest population of forced laborers in the world (paid between $0.09 - $1.50/hr). Even larger than the Soviet Union at the height of Stalin's gulag system.

In this case we're talking about a native culture that was destroyed, subjugated, colonized, and enslaved.

Imo, they should do the best they can to pay reparations of some sort to the remaining native populations and not just in Colombia. That would be the right thing to do, but unfortunately governments would never willingly set the precedent of correcting historical wrongs.

Except in the USSR, these "crimes" often just meant opposition to Stalin's regime.
Countries decide what is and is not a crime and every major power has these types of prisoners to an extent. One example, the US has been holding prisoners, some for 20 years who haven't been given due process, no charges, no conviction. We've done drone strikes on American citizens who weren't even accused of crimes, along with strikes against their families. This is not to even mention black sites, extraordinary rendition, and places like Abu Ghraib.

Saudí Arabia, our close ally, cuts off limbs for theft and has public beheadings for many crimes (recently over 80 in one day).

Having an accurate historical context and an understanding of the nuanced nature of history makes a difference. As far as the Spanish Conquest of the Americas goes, it's hard to wrap your head around the destruction they caused over hundreds of years. Entire cultures and civilians wiped out, indigenous populations worked to death in the millions. Also all of the natural resources exploited (which still happens to this day, unfortunately).

> The overwhelming majority of forced labor done in Soviet Russia at the time was done by people convinced of crimes,

No, not at all. The people were not convinced by courts (sometimes kangaroo courts, other times not even that), and the thing they were conviced of were not crimes. And also there were forced labourers from other countries involved.

> In this case we're talking about a native culture that was destroyed, subjugated, colonized, and enslaved.

So actually completely the same thing that Stalin has done to other cultures in the Soviet Imperium, including vassal states.

That's not historically accurate. Since Glasnost and the opening of the Soviet archives we've been able to get a more accurate picture of these things. https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/mharrison/arch...

There were some political prisoners, but much in the same way we imprisoned some British after the revolutionary war and later confederates. Also, someone being convinced of something without committing a crime is a non sequitur. Countries can make whatever laws they want.

I get where you're coming from, until I started studying Russian history I had the same view, I grew up with the same Cold War info like everyone else, but comparing that to the Spanish conquest of the Americas is night and day. The immense destruction has been unmatched in history (that we definitively know).

> That's not historically accurate.

It is historically completely accurate, as lived by the brother of my grandfather who was one of those forced laborers. Never saw a judge or a court.

> Countries can make whatever laws they want.

They can, but if lawless and brazen enough they can also 'convince' you of anything regardless of laws, which is what often happened. Written laws were not worth very much back then.

> I grew up with the same Cold War info like everyone else

Born on the oppposite side of the Iron Curtain, I did not grow up with the same Cold War info like you, I presume.

> but comparing that to the Spanish conquest of the Americas is night and day

It really is not. Just the Holodomor killed millions of people and that is just an episode.

I'd say it's pretty clear-cut. Colombia gets to keep the treasure and that's that. Especially since you can argue that Colombia is a successor state of the Spanish Empire anyways.
As a Spaniard, I think Colombia should keep it. It would be really nice if they gave us a few pieces, so maybe we can put them in a museum, but I think it's understandable if they want to keep it.
I think it's a clear cut case of "finders keepers" :)
> Spain does appear to have recognized law on their side - it was a Spanish flagged ship, and modern Spain is the recognized successor of historical imperial Spain.

Hold on!!!

First, this ship sank in the middle of the night - after fierce fighting with HMS Expedition. Were her colors still flying at the time of the explosion, or had she surrendered to the superior British fleet, as other Spanish ships already had?

Second, this took place at a time when the rightful monarch of Spain was in dispute. Two people claimed to be King. Who really was the rightful ruler, and was the ship sailing under his orders at the time?

It's not so clear cut after all...

For other similar case (this time the shipwreck was found in Portugal) see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_las_Mer...

A private company (Odyssey Marine Exploration) salvaged the wreck illegally:

> On February 17, 2012, it was reported that U.S. Magistrate Judge Mark Pizzo ordered Odyssey to return the coins to Spain by February 24, 2012, where they will be dispersed to museums, not to heirs. The Supreme Court declined to stay this order and Odyssey will abide by the decision.[23] On February 24, 2012, two C-130 Hercules aircraft from the Spanish Air Force picked up the treasure in Florida and transported it to Spain.[24] Odyssey petitioned the Supreme Court to reconsider the issues in the case but on May 14, 2012, the court declined to take up the appeal.[25] The coins have been returned to Spain, whereby Spanish law dictates that they can never be sold to the public.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Swan_Project

The treasure can be visited at the Museno Nacional de Arqueología Subacuática in Cartagena (Murcia, Spain) https://www.culturaydeporte.gob.es/mnarqua/colecciones/pieza...

Some maps an information about the ship https://www.elmundo.es/cultura/laesferadepapel/2021/11/26/61...

Legally the treasure of shipwrecks belongs to the nation whose flag was flying on her mast.

However, as a good faith, a portion of the treasure could (and should) be given to Colombia.

Spain and Colombia are brother countries, I'm sure we can find some agreement (I hope!).

"Colombia found the wreck of a Spanish treasure ship, sunk in 1708. Experts believe it contains at least 200 tons of gold, silver and emeralds. Colombia considers wrecks found in its territorial waters to be part of its cultural heritage, meaning the contents cannot be sold.

Spain insists that the bounty is theirs since it was aboard a Spanish ship, while Bolivia's Qhara Qhara nation says it should get the treasures as the Spanish forced the community's people to mine the precious metals."

Sounds like a Star Trek TNG episode. Where's Picard?

The least thing I'd do is to give the treasure to Spain. For the number of deaths and for the consequent slavery, I don't think the "occupation" and the sack of primary goods can be considered peaceful. Comparing to modern times, it's like giving back to Germans some treasure that Hitler found somewhere else...
I think we are just scratching the surface. There should be 4,000+ years of these cultural time capsules.

This one looks amazing. I hope they are able to raise the wreck and preserve the structure

I can’t believe colonial Spain thinks it has a claim on it. Simply unbelievable! They should be paying reparations instead, for all the colonial exploitation