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Title misses important context: "for sound"
I was hoping to see something on Kalman filters. But it was good to see info on state space analysis. Also good to see a simple example on why dynamic range compression is nonlinear. Would have been nice to see more info on what makes a system non-time invariant with examples.
Self plug: I made Jupyter notebooks for each chapter of this and the DFT and Physical Modeling books in this series, with Python animations/audio for some key concepts:

https://karlhiner.com/jupyter_notebooks/mathematics_of_the_d...

https://karlhiner.com/jupyter_notebooks/intro_to_digital_fil...

https://karlhiner.com/jupyter_notebooks/physical_audio_signa...

My god, animating convolution makes it so much easier to understand than having a professor draw the process on a chalkboard back in the day.
There's also a nice 3blue1brown video on the subject
I wish there was a practical, no-math code-centric resource somewhere.

I just want to see practical examples of how to process my array of floats to extract or attenuate different frequencies(in discrete integer increments), not read walls of math equations and how to derive the discrete form of continuous algorithms over a hundred pages of dense text.

There are tons and tons of libraries for just running filters. scipy.signal has basic filter construction methods.

This resource is for learning the why and the how, which makes the math rather important.