>Send optional diagnostic data to improve Microsoft products [Includes how you use the browser, websites you visit, and enhanced error reporting. Determined by your Windows diagnostic data setting]
>Allow Microsoft to save your browsing activity including history, usage, favourites, web content, and other browsing data to personalise and improve Microsoft Edge and Microsoft services like ads, search, shopping, news, and Copilot [Includes your history, usage, favourites, web content and other browsing data]
>"Massgrave, the group behind Microsoft Activation Scripts, has noted that Windows setup sends hardware info to Microsoft and receives identifiers back that are later used for Store access and licensing. Blocking GDID assignment breaks both activation and UWP apps."
I think probably it sends the gdid back to Microsoft as part of telemetry/updates/MS account periodic re-auth, which lets them know the current IP address, and then once the government has Microsoft's logs and the various target websites' logs, they can correlate based on IP address. I don't think it's actually sending the gdid to the web sites. Maybe.
This serves to further illustrate that nobody should be using Windows for anything that involves the need for privacy. And doubly, triply, and morefold so, nobody should ever sign a Windows machine into a MS account for any reason.
Edge has a feature where it will periodically pull the bookmarks and browsing history from any other browsers you have installed, so they'll then get sent to Microsoft and associated with your Microsoft account. This was initially enabled by default without the user's consent, although I believe now you may have to opt into it if you do a fresh Windows install. I only realized this was a thing because one time my work PC rebooted to install an update, then Edge came up instead of Firefox, but with all my Firefox tabs. I guess this was part of some effort to try to trick old people who wouldn't notice the difference into switching to Edge. Here's a news article about someone else running into this when it started happening: https://www.theverge.com/24054329/microsoft-edge-automatic-c...
> so they'll then get sent to Microsoft and associated with your Microsoft account.
The import is entirely local, the "sent to Microsoft" bit is if you have Edge sync enabled. This is identical to Chrome importing your Firefox data and then syncing it back to Google. Except the Edge import was, by reports at the time, accidentally auto-enabled. But you'd still have to sign into Edge and enable sync.
It's been a while since I last used Windows 11, but as far as I'm aware using a Microsoft account will automatically sign you into Edge and Edge sync is enabled by default unless you go into the settings and disable it.
Is there any reason to think that the government couldn't force Apple to hand over the same data? They may or may not have taken over entire rooms at Apple (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_641A) but you can bet they've at least got devices sitting on their network collecting data.
On the subject of serial numbers, the ones for your hardware and peripherals are also being transmitted as "telemetry", which gives them even more options to spying on you, ex:
1. If your printer has tracking dots [0] then a printed flyer can be tracked back to your computer, IP, and MS/Apple account.
2. If a device is reported on two computers, MS/Apple know there is some kind of connection between the computers.
> The ID is generated when Windows is set up with a Microsoft Account
So not only was this “hacker” using Windows and Edge, they singed in to windows with a Microsoft account. And then used that same computer for their social media. Nice.
I'm not a "hacker" by any means, but I would probably use a Qubes based system with a dedicated "hacking" VM, only use anonymous VPNs connected from public WiFi access points (having left my mobile at home) while wearing a fake beard and STILL be paranoid that I somehow somewhere make a mistake.
That's what hackers do in popular stories, right? In reality, most cybercriminsls just don't care that much (they usually use Tor browser, though). I mean they mostly use discord and telegram (both unencrypted).
Serious "hackers" are usually state sponsored now, or members of mature groups.
Qubes is probably the best option but, the last time I checked, it didn't have certain deniability features that someone with the feds in their threat model might prefer.
Personally I'd say use Qubes because it might be better at preventing you from getting raided in the first place.
This is a systemd identifier, not strictly speaking a "Linux" identifier.
In any case, an executable allowed to run on a host can trivially fingerprint the machine it is running on using a combination of network and hardware identifiers. Removing or rotating machine-id does not buy you any privacy against a malicious app.
What I find most surprising in this story is how careless these "hackers" were. You would think that people engaged in this type of activities would use throwaway devices running free operating systems and VMs, not personal devices logged into Snapchat and Facebook.
>A Global Device ID (GDID) is a permanent, unique digital fingerprint that Microsoft automatically assigns to your computer when you install Windows or sign into a Microsoft account.
So this kid uses his home computer at his home, and they trace him down with
the IP address, and the IP address also makes a request for Windows Updates.
And that narrows down the Device ID. The device id is now traced to this kid.
That seems more likely, I hope, than Edge/Windows secretly telemetering your GDID and every URL you visit to Redmond. It's a huge privacy hole still, but they can plausibly deny they set out to track you across the web using their OS.
That could be how they initially associated the hacker with his GDID, but the criminal filing explicitly mentions that they were able to use Microsoft records to determine that his computer visited specific webpages:
> According to Microsoft records, on or about May 12, 2025, at 19:21
UTC—when, according to ngrok records, the ngrok account was created—the device
with the GDID accessed, among other ngrok pages,
“https://dashboard.ngrok.com/signup,” the ngrok page to set up an ngrok account.
> Microsoft records also indicate: (1) the user of the device assigned the
GDID accessed multiple sites from Tzulo servers in May 2025, including the .168
server (the IP address used to create the ngrok account) on May 12, 2025; and (2) the user of the device assigned the GDID, on May 12, 2025 at 22:47 UTC, a little more
than three hours after the ngrok account was created, the user visited “[Company
F].com” from the .168 proxy server.
> they can plausibly deny they set out to track you across the web using their OS
Only the first time this happens, before it becomes clear to everyone that such mechanism can be used for tracking. After that... well I have this bridge I've been meaning to sell.
They say this is also sent with Windows Update checks, which happen frequently per day, and I think also when you initially connect to a network, so that’s a clear way they could tie the ID back to any IP address you’re using.
38 comments
[ 2.8 ms ] story [ 36.4 ms ] threadHotels last I saw don't collect an obscure gdid...
Did this victim use edge and sync their browser history or something perhaps?
>Send optional diagnostic data to improve Microsoft products [Includes how you use the browser, websites you visit, and enhanced error reporting. Determined by your Windows diagnostic data setting]
>Allow Microsoft to save your browsing activity including history, usage, favourites, web content, and other browsing data to personalise and improve Microsoft Edge and Microsoft services like ads, search, shopping, news, and Copilot [Includes your history, usage, favourites, web content and other browsing data]
>"Massgrave, the group behind Microsoft Activation Scripts, has noted that Windows setup sends hardware info to Microsoft and receives identifiers back that are later used for Store access and licensing. Blocking GDID assignment breaks both activation and UWP apps."
I think probably it sends the gdid back to Microsoft as part of telemetry/updates/MS account periodic re-auth, which lets them know the current IP address, and then once the government has Microsoft's logs and the various target websites' logs, they can correlate based on IP address. I don't think it's actually sending the gdid to the web sites. Maybe.
This serves to further illustrate that nobody should be using Windows for anything that involves the need for privacy. And doubly, triply, and morefold so, nobody should ever sign a Windows machine into a MS account for any reason.
The import is entirely local, the "sent to Microsoft" bit is if you have Edge sync enabled. This is identical to Chrome importing your Firefox data and then syncing it back to Google. Except the Edge import was, by reports at the time, accidentally auto-enabled. But you'd still have to sign into Edge and enable sync.
1. If your printer has tracking dots [0] then a printed flyer can be tracked back to your computer, IP, and MS/Apple account.
2. If a device is reported on two computers, MS/Apple know there is some kind of connection between the computers.
[0] https://www.eff.org/pages/list-printers-which-do-or-do-not-d...
So not only was this “hacker” using Windows and Edge, they singed in to windows with a Microsoft account. And then used that same computer for their social media. Nice.
I'm not a "hacker" by any means, but I would probably use a Qubes based system with a dedicated "hacking" VM, only use anonymous VPNs connected from public WiFi access points (having left my mobile at home) while wearing a fake beard and STILL be paranoid that I somehow somewhere make a mistake.
Serious "hackers" are usually state sponsored now, or members of mature groups.
Personally I'd say use Qubes because it might be better at preventing you from getting raided in the first place.
Decisions decisions.
In any case, an executable allowed to run on a host can trivially fingerprint the machine it is running on using a combination of network and hardware identifiers. Removing or rotating machine-id does not buy you any privacy against a malicious app.
What I find most surprising in this story is how careless these "hackers" were. You would think that people engaged in this type of activities would use throwaway devices running free operating systems and VMs, not personal devices logged into Snapchat and Facebook.
On windows, it does that all by itself, Microsoft tracks you with it. Because windows is the malicious app just like the GP said.
So again, the "make an account" is the part you ALWAYS skip. Local accounts or it technically isn't even a PC anymore.
https://www.windowslatest.com/2026/07/10/you-cant-fully-disa...
Note the "or"
LUKS
Microsoft admits Windows 11 has a GDID tracker with no off switch
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=48872561
Full Writeup of the Windows GDID
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=48811081
Microsoft Can Track Users via a Windows Device ID
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=48815196
[1] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=48815196#48818368
> According to Microsoft records, on or about May 12, 2025, at 19:21 UTC—when, according to ngrok records, the ngrok account was created—the device with the GDID accessed, among other ngrok pages, “https://dashboard.ngrok.com/signup,” the ngrok page to set up an ngrok account.
> Microsoft records also indicate: (1) the user of the device assigned the GDID accessed multiple sites from Tzulo servers in May 2025, including the .168 server (the IP address used to create the ngrok account) on May 12, 2025; and (2) the user of the device assigned the GDID, on May 12, 2025 at 22:47 UTC, a little more than three hours after the ngrok account was created, the user visited “[Company F].com” from the .168 proxy server.
Only the first time this happens, before it becomes clear to everyone that such mechanism can be used for tracking. After that... well I have this bridge I've been meaning to sell.
page 18 answers many of the questions in this thread.