> In 1954, Eiichi Goto invented the parametron, a logic device leveraging nonlinear parametric oscillation with two ferrite cores. Unlike the vacuum tube and early transistor circuits prevalent at the time, the parametron offered remarkable stability, requiring minimal maintenance compared to vacuum tubes with short lifetime and costing significantly less than both vacuum tubes and nascent transistors. Its simplicity and reliability made it an ideal foundation for computer design. Early applications showcased its superior fault tolerance over competing technologies, such as vacuum tubes with relatively short-lifetime, slow electromechanical relays, and unstable point-contact transistors.
EAC-1101 In March 1958, NEC finished its first digital computer, the NEAC-1101. This machine used parametrons, invented by Eiichi Goto in 1954, and was perfected by using a single-turn transformer coupling system independently devised by NEC. This computer was designed for scientific and engineering calculations, and was Japan's first computer to use floating point operations. It was capable of decimal 7-digit floating point operations. It used 3,600 parametrons, 29 types of instructions, and had average performance of 3.5ms for addition/subtraction and 8.0ms for multiplication/division. The memory employed ferrite cores (magnetic core matrix system using the 2 ACs with different frequency), and memory capacity was 256 words (32-digit configuration). The NEAC-1101 was enhanced via improvements like expanding the memory capacity to 512 words, and was used for about 8 years for scientific and engineering calculations at NEC's research laboratory. The results from developing this computer contributed greatly to the development of subsequent parametron computers at NEC.
At 8.0ms for mult/div, that would make it right on par with a Commodore 64's BASIC math routines, even though it came 24 years earlier. That's pretty freaking impressive.
The quantum flux parametron is a really fascinating design and I always wondered why no one talks about it. You can get to GHz range easily and computing will be adiabatic. Its based on Josephson-junctions so you need to provide very low temperatures. I always thought it was a more promising next gen compute technology than the current quantum computers. Especially when you get to write your own SQUIDs in a SEM. Its like two long rectangles with pads at the end+thin insulator on top+two wires for the contacts for a SQUID sandwich and suddenly you can do complex quantum circuits.
"why no one talks about [all the other alternatives]"
Expanding the question because it's the same answer for all of them: The relatively steady exponential progress of transistors murdered all the competition. Nobody had any time to think about anything else when 18 months from now the transistors would be twice as fast and cheaper at the same time. It also meant a technology had to pretty much come out of the gate already better than transistors which had been through numerous doublings. It doesn't matter if you produced something that could hypothetically double every three months for ten years if it started out a hundred times slower and a thousand times more expensive than the transistors at release day. It couldn't survive long enough in the market to get funded long enough to develop that far.
It's only now that you can really get going on some alternative... and it still kind of sucks that even so you need to produce something out of the lab that beats transistors on some relevant metric right now if you want to get anywhere. Trillions of dollars of investment into transistors is hard for any tech to overcome, even if hypothetically in 10 years it could spank transistors somehow.
Meanwhile, in the US, the Univac Solid State computer[1] used similar principles in its patented[3] "Solid State Logic"[2], and was also released in 1958.
My understanding is that the magnetic amplifiers used in the V2 rocket kicked off a lot of interesting uses of magnetic cores.
The history of computing is usually described as a nice progression from vacuum tubes to transistors and then ICs. But parametrons are only one of the many forgotten technologies that popped up along the way. Magnetic core logic such as transfluxors was used in several computers. Superconducting cryotrons were going to revolutionize computers. Tunnel-diode logic was also briefly the wave of the future. Other significant technologies were microwave logic circuits and electroluminescent logic circuits. I have to say that the 1950s came up with the best names; modern technologies just don't measure up to transfluxors, parametrons, and cryotrons.
See Digital Computer Design Fundamentals, 1962, chapter 6.
My high school computing teacher had a chemistry degree, from back around then. There was so much expectation about computers, that when the chemicals he was doing his phd on seemed to have some kind of nonlinear behaviour, his supervisor got hugely excited and made him look into whether there was a way use them to build switching devices; even though it would have been highly impractical even if they had. Basically everyone was trying ways to make switches.
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[ 4.0 ms ] story [ 39.6 ms ] threadIs it nominative determinism if it's 2 years before the introduction of Goto (1956, Fortran apparently)
Or maybe it was named in his honour?
https://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/dawn/0017.html
Expanding the question because it's the same answer for all of them: The relatively steady exponential progress of transistors murdered all the competition. Nobody had any time to think about anything else when 18 months from now the transistors would be twice as fast and cheaper at the same time. It also meant a technology had to pretty much come out of the gate already better than transistors which had been through numerous doublings. It doesn't matter if you produced something that could hypothetically double every three months for ten years if it started out a hundred times slower and a thousand times more expensive than the transistors at release day. It couldn't survive long enough in the market to get funded long enough to develop that far.
It's only now that you can really get going on some alternative... and it still kind of sucks that even so you need to produce something out of the lab that beats transistors on some relevant metric right now if you want to get anywhere. Trillions of dollars of investment into transistors is hard for any tech to overcome, even if hypothetically in 10 years it could spank transistors somehow.
Not sure if the principal is similar or not. (There was one down at the Bletchley computing museum many years ago when I went down)
Or break-word - feel like nobody uses that one even though it has the best name for what I want to do.
Anyway
My understanding is that the magnetic amplifiers used in the V2 rocket kicked off a lot of interesting uses of magnetic cores.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIVAC_Solid_State
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_logic
[3] https://patents.google.com/patent/US2709798A/en
See Digital Computer Design Fundamentals, 1962, chapter 6.
I see this a lot and I'm sure it's true but my dad had some vacuum tube HiFi setup that he'd had since college and decades later it all still worked.
I guess when there are hundreds or thousands of tubes in a computer even a fairly small chance of failure will end up happening often.