There has been talk, but as one who hangs around those circles I've not heard of anyone actually doing it. But I'm sure someone is. At the same time, what I'm reading is that CGM won't give a non-diabetic any actionable information.
I am aware of the "eating wins races" strategy for endurance sports.
Glucose and ketone monitoring seems a natural, more precise extension of that strategy. Isn't the point of carb-cramming to get more glucose into your blood stream, where your muscles can convert that into forward motion?
Yes. But you don't need to monitor glucose levels to do this. Because it's well known you can productively use as much as you could manage to consume (without vomiting). So all the device will ever tell you (if you're in the middle of significant endurance event) is that you need to raise your blood sugar. It'd be no more actionable than a writing 'your blood sugar is low' on your hand with a sharpie.
Monitoring glucose and ketones can help you develop metabolic flexibility and let you grok how easily your body cuts over to ketones. Knowing your personal realtime glucose and ketone levels helps you understand just how much carbs will kick you out of ketosis or keep you in it. Glucose monitoring will help you avoid large crashes that can lead to low energy. Among other things!
Not all. Some runners play around with doing fasted long runs to enhance fat burning adaptations. The jury is still out on if it is advisable to add to a training plan. Some utlra runners have taken to extremes.
Amateur cyclists already wear CGMs, and as a type 1 myself, they see mine and start asking all about CGMs. It must be so boring for them to worry about fluctuations between 85 and 120.
Amateur cyclists will also buy power meters just to look at some numbers for their own curiosity. I am not convinced that wearing CGMs are beneficial for amateur cyclists, unless you count satisfying their own curiosity. If this is your hobby (biohacking, quantified self, etc) sure just buy it.
Automated glucose control will be the next frontier in so many areas of healthcare. I'm still skeptical that anyone will be able to noninvasively and accurately sense blood sugar, but I'm glad people (especially kids with T1) will have one more tool to help them. I hope they can figure out the reimbursement side to get it into the most hands possible!
Invasive CGMs (Continuous Glucose Monitor) and minimally invasive CGMs exist. It's the non-invasive CGMs which are being worked on because managing an implant or having something always poking through you is a big annoyance+risk compared to wearing a watch, ring, or patch.
The problems for these non-invasive options so far is they either too easily fail to work, are bulky/expensive, give very ballpark accuracies, or some combination thereof.
The biggest problem is that they are racist. Optical blood sugar sensing devices were developed a decade ago. They were pretty accurate for pale white people, ballpark for most skin tones and don’t work at all for Black people. Good luck bringing that to market. Apple threw out the whole product and restarted with infrared.
Ketones have some dieting and weight loss applications, so I guess you could do better real time tracking of how you're digesting carbs and when it's okay to eat? maybe
Cardiac surgery, burn units, ICU, neuro come to mind. All have been studied to show mortality and complications improvements with AGC, but unfortunately the commercial technology has not materialized yet.
Drug interference (with the sensor chemistry) and perfusion (which the sensor needs to function) are two major problems that a hospital presents that are not present in ambulatory (outside the hospital) use. Also the FDA has not approved any systems yet; the software is actually quite difficult to get right.
I’m willing to bet we can see longevity improvements from better blood sugar control. Not 100% certain but extremely likely, this would include potential heart attack and dementia reduction…
That's not a fair representation of what happened. That study was going for _aggressive_ control - beyond what any normal person would do. They were combining multiple drugs to force blood sugar down rapidly, including right after meals (when it _should_ be going up).
Paying more attention to your blood sugar and acting reasonably to keep it in check isn't giving anyone heart attacks.
From the AI
> The concern was not that lower glucose is inherently bad. Rather, pushing blood sugar down rapidly and very tightly—especially with insulin and multiple glucose-lowering drugs—caused more episodes of hypoglycemia, weight gain, and treatment complexity. Severe low blood sugar can trigger abnormal heart rhythms and other cardiovascular stress. The intensive-treatment arm was stopped early after about 3.5 years because it had a higher death rate, although the exact mechanism was not definitively established.
No, you were deliberately disingenuous (I understood that) but I decided to answer the best possible interpretation of what you meant. I'd seriously reconsider this argument style, just because it's common doesn't mean any of us should think it's acceptable to pass of half truths as pithy commentary. You won't listen of course, nobody does anymore, they just want some ego points of being technically right in the narrowest of ways. Pointless point scoring.
I was being deliberately disingenuous? I think the person who invented a strawman augment that I didn't make is the disingenuous one. Takes some balls to do that and then lecture me on honest discourse.
Fasting and ketosis has nothing to do with tight blood sugar control. Your body manages blood sugar even if you're fasted or burning ketones.
I'll be showing my bias here, but you're probably referring to NICE-SUGAR, which I think suffered mainly from having a pretty uninspired control algorithm. We built and simulated it and several other clinical protocols and it had the widest spread of performance, but it lost a ton of points to hypoglycemia performance, which is where you get into increasing mortality. The NICE-SUGAR protocol [1] has no notion of weight based dosing, and even has some completely missed edge cases. There have been similar studies in Japan with a better algorithm and they showed the expected benefits.
IMO blood sugar is too simple and focused on because of ease of measurement. Someone can have rollercoaster blood sugar and be far more metabolically healthier than someone with low and steady blood sugar. Continious insulin and cortisol monitors are far more interesting IMO
Metabolic psychiatry is rising, though very slowly. You do "epilepsy keto diet", and may work in bipolar/schizophrenia (need GKI 1-2, it's not keto for weight loss). But you don't need the continuous monitor, normal ketone monitor is fine, because the food list is very narrow.
The continuous monitor should help until you get the hang of the diet, it's a bit hard to maintain, but if it works, worth it.
Preventive medicine is a bit one. If your fitness watch could measure blood glucose, I think it would be a ton more impactful in terms of health outcomes.
Diabetes (as with much else) is a continuum. Many people are prediabetic, or experience periods of high or low blood sugar.
There are also multiple types of diabetes, not just the generally-known Type I / II split, but gestational (affecting pregnant women), Type 5, malnutrition-related, and others. (See Wikipedia for a listing: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes#Types>.)
Other factors can also influence blood sugars, including infections, physical activity, and stress.
I know, logically, that if I eat a bunch of carbs or sugar my blood sugar will rise. I know if I go for a walk right after a meal it will help blunt the rise. Eating fiber at the start of a meal is also supposed to help avoid the spike.
However, I can’t quantify any of these things, so it feels too abstract. If I was able to see numbers and real-time impacts of my actions, it seems like it would do wonders for adherence to various protocols.
It seems like it could also provide a warning signal if levels are chronically elevated due to diet and lifestyle factors, which would eventually lead to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes if left unchecked.
High blood glucose causes a host of bad health issues even in non-diabetic people: visceral fat, liver fat, inflammation, cardiac disease... You don't need to wait to be diabetic to embrace good dietary habits, and a glucose monitor would go a long way helping people make that transition.
Also rare genetic issues like GSDs and FAODs may benefit immensely from dual glucose and ketone metering. Next we need potassium and magnesium meters and that will benefit the people with rare renal wasting syndromes like Gitelman and Bartters
Metabolism, and the endocrine system in general, is very responsive to physical activity. Even in athletes, glucose can have significant ups and downs when it gets intense.
It would be interesting to see this technology branch out into monitoring hormones, minerals, vitamins, etc. For all of human history, the closest we've had to realtime monitoring is just our mood. It would be life changing for anyone to have this feedback.
Blood glucose levels affect lots of health functions. Diabetes represents an extreme end of the spectrum where its ability to regulate these fluctuations fails, but just because your body is can get your levels in control eventually doesn't mean you won't suffer from the negative effects of it needing to do so.
Maintaining consistent glucose levels improves mental health, weight management, sleep quality, muscle recovery, systemic inflammation, cardiovascular health, and may even slow aging. There isn't much clinical data at the moment on how to use blood glucose measurements to control glucose levels outside of people with diabetes (there are lots of things that impact it besides just sugar intake), but there are definitely major theoretical benefits if it can be worked out.
Also, just reducing the incidence of diabetes would be no small accomplishment. About 3.5% of global disability adjusted life-years (DALYs) are due to diabetes. As of 2021 it was the 7th largest contributor of global DALYs.
sample of 1, but yeah changing my diet (very low sugar, more veggies) did alter my health visibly and rapidly. to the point that if I eat something too sweet too fast i have a very mild headache soon after, my system readjusted to not seek levels i grew up with
if sugar gives you a headache, this may be related to a gastrointestinal issue (e.g. gluten sensitivity, dietary histamine sensitivity, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth possibly causing its own sensitivities...) The specifics of the cause in your case are between you and your doctor, but i'd like more people to know, especially since these sorts of problems disproportionately affect people with autism and ADHD, long a core Hacker News demographic, and most of us have trouble paying attention to everything our body is feeling in exquisite detail.
other signs of digestive problems in this area may include:
- a pattern of early-afternoon fatigue and brain fog (this is mediated by histamine, which in turn can be caused by a food allergy, a non-allergy food sensitivity, bacteria in the stomach that don't belong there, or the like)
- feeling generally flushed and hot after eating food (more histamine!)
- waking up in the middle of the night, ~4am, especially if you're feeling too hot (also a sign of excess histamine)
- often having an upset stomach, and lots of stomach acid
- increased sensitivity to heat or exercise (mast cell degranulation because your body is already on edge)
- generalized hard-to-place fatigue, brain fog, depression (the whole histamine-response pathway is shot through with various neurotransmitters)
- serious nasal congestion contributing to sleep apnea, and extreme fatigue
now, this is going to be different from person to person, but your doctor's not going to know anything's wrong if you don't tell them!
(and if something like this is the case, it's also the sort of condition that might sometimes has an instant miracle cure, because if you stop releasing the feel-bad neurotransmitters every time you eat, then you suddenly stop feeling terrible!! go figure.)
> it's also the sort of condition that might sometimes has an instant miracle cure
I assume that by this you mean figuring out some kind of dietary restriction?
I also struggle with a lot of those things (also ADHD) plus other inflammation-related issues (ezcema), and noticed a very specific pattern of fatigue during the day that improves at night. It's hard to tell what might be effective or not since keeping stability in my routine is a struggle, but I've mostly came up empty on explanations/solutions so far.
What happens is you lose carb tolerance if you don't take them regularly.
I had really high carb tolerance but doing keto for many years has plummeted it and I'm very sensitive now (can still train it). Another example doing keto for many years you also have lower alcohol tolerance.
Wearing a glucose monitor for a while showed me that some veggies are worse than the usual suspects: 80g of rice with fish gave me a glucose spike higher than a Nutella sandwich. Other veggies, like beans, surprisingly low.
Rice is not a veggie ffs, its not very healthy even in its best forms. Just a lot of simpler sugars. You are not doing anything healthy by eating it, and that glucose spike is very much expected just like from other junk food.
Rice is consumed a lot, and it has more things than "a lot of simple sugars". In fact, any "veggie" book would include many of recipes with rice, rice flour or rice noodles, as they are usually based in Asian cuisine. Also, as the current hell is gluten, some recipes suggest replacing wheat with rice.
It is common knowledge in the vegan world to pair lentils with rice, as they complement (rice is low lysine, high in methionine, lentils the other way). Lentils includes fiber that lowers the glycemic index of the overall meal, but also rice eases the otherwise heavy digestion of lentils. They both pair in other micronutrients (iron, zinc, selenium, magnesium, potassium).
Potatoes are vegetables? Rutabaga? Pumpking? Carrot? Turnip? They also punch high, and are consumed a lot by people that believes just "eating more veggies" would solve all their problems. And lets not talk about some fruits.
It may be worth getting checked out for fructose malabsorption. It means the main pathway for fructose absorption is not working and your gut only has less effective (and easily disrupted, looking at you Sorbitol) transport pathways with single digit grams capacity. Anything more and you will get symptoms. It is extremely hard to avoid fructose to get down to that level without careful attention so it is significantly under-diagnosed.
Recall that GLP-1s were originally designed as next-generation long acting insulin modulators; they're a form of passive control. The CGM gives you data to act on, or at the very least observe. I find, from my experience wearing them as a person without diabetes, they give really interesting insights into my own life by giving numbers to stressful moments, which can be good insight to have. That's called stress induced hyperglycemia. Everyone has a unique and continuously evolving glucose system, so YMMV.
I am confident that blood glucose has a lot to do with mood regulation as well.
Having been diagnosed with bipolar since 1997, when I began mainlining insulin last year I immediately took notice of how calm and docile I became. I have anger issues and taking insulin turned me into a lamb. I also immediately began sleeping peacefully and restfully, which had been elusive for a decade.
I currently take a calcium channel blocker for hypertension, and Metformin for the glucose, and I monitor with Stelo. But I would give anything for that calming effect of fast-acting insulin.
"management" is the key word. Early diagnosis might help a lot not just with T1 but also T2.
Early diagnosis would save a lot of pain and suffering... and money.
I worked with an older T1 and apparently a bit less than half of kids diagnosed with T1 are diagnosed unconscious during a DKA event in the ER. "Treatment" cost, or at least requested revenue LOL, is at least $30K for an ER visit like that, and it also costs at least some months (years?) off their expected lifespan.
Figure about 0.5% of the population in the USA is T1, you read stuff like "about two million T1 diabetics" in the USA. So early T1 diagnosis would save the country overall about $30B just in DKA treatment alone at time of initial diagnosis.
If you could screen an entire population for less than $30B total lifetime cost, it would be financially rational to prescreen for T1 rather than waiting for ambulances to present incredibly sick kids. And potentially profitable.
Prescreening the entire population for metabolic disorders is quite plausible as a "tech startup idea" as the alternative is waiting for them to arrive in an ambulance while extremely sick/nearly dead. Lets say it could be done for $10B, leaving $10B for startup profit (charge insurance companies $20B which is not bad....) and $10B in lowered health care costs for the country in general, not to mention less suffering in the population. A win-win scenario.
IF blood sugar related disorders could be pre-screened for less than $10B total cost. A solid "maybe"? Plausibly a startup doing blood sugar prescreening would be a "multibillion dollar company" although not a trillion dollar unicorn. Still a good idea.
Minimed 780g user here, it is not perfect. For a true closed loop we need a system that can give glucagon as well.
The current closed loop only gives you insulin to lower your blood glucose. When it gives too much it wakes you up and asks you to treat it.
You also have to accurately count carbs of meals you eat, enter when you exercise.
The sensors are also not quite reliable so sometimes it freaks out and you calibrate and go manual.
For a closed loop we need insulin and glucagon in conjunction to keep the bg stable without user intervention.
All closed loop systems require human action--maintenance,filling reservoirs, changing sites, dealing with the inherent variation of CGMs, estimating carbs, etc. even if glucagon delivery were on board (it's being worked on). But most are generally providing insulin delivery in real time, based on CGM data.
Also, I agree--glucagon would be a useful thing onboard for T1d, but not really for T2d, because (as you know) the essential problem there is highs, not lows.
And I definitely agree about CGM accuracy: most people don't know that there's a significant margin of error in all CGMs. It's 'close', but not precise.
A device like this only really changes outcomes if people can actually afford to wear one continuously, not just during periods when they're already at higher risk
Automated control of every major component of the circulatory system should be coming up in the future of medicine if society doesn't implode first. Stabbed through the heart and lung? Plumb in an artificial blood pump and gas exchange unit until they can be surgically treated. There's no reason we can't duplicate the functionality of the heart, lungs, liver, or kidneys. It could save tons of lives if we get there.
We have functional machines that replace heart and lungs (for a while). Unfortunately they also mess up your blood cells and there is of course a risk of sepsis.
I'm in biotech and if I had a dollar for every engineer I've met who dreamed of or worked-at-a-place-that-tried or even tried-in-their-freetime to make a non-invasive glucometer, I'd have at least enough to buy a coffee, which is a lot.
There is an ever-growing bodycount in the NIO-GM graveyard [0], but I too hope that one day, it'll get figured out. My old roommate and good friend was T1 and monitoring one's glucose and remembering not to eat too much/little is half your life.
That is a very bad article. Most, if not all non-invasive blood glucose projects had no peer reviewed publications.
Anyway, this problem, to measure blood glucose non-invasive, is solved now. A product should be on the market very soon. And while I am not involved anymore, I once submitted an SBIR grant application to the NIH with this technology. A specific item that this technology used would be a few hundreds bucks if produced in quantities. I also wrote this in the grant application. The examiner googled this thing, and a top-notch single item for lab measurements was 50 grand. Obviously, too expensive. So the thing I learned:
An idiot and Google are a very dangerous combination. Even at the NIH.
PS: Neither the start-up, nor their technology is mentioned in the paper. All the mentioned technologies have been tried and are bound to fail in my opinion. At least the examiner gave me a very high score on "innovative".
I thought this was going to be a non-invasive sugar-level device, but it looks like in fact the innovation here is that a popular CGM line can now do ketones?
non-invasive continuous blood sugar measurement is mired in patents and technical challenges. Turns out it's really difficult to disambiguate the absorption lines of glucose from other similarly shaped molecules when you're also dealing with untangling skin conductivity, transmissivity, sweat, inflammation etc.
I also think there's no financial incentive from incumbents to develop something like this. Why would abbott develop something that works "forever" if they can milk people buying new sensors every 10~14 days.
There is a major IP holder in the space who is asserting their ownership, so even if they could solve the technical challenges, they might not be able to come to market.
Yes, yes, that's what I meant. The current glucose monitoring manufacturers don't have the incentive, we'll have to wait for someone to disrupt the market with something more permanent
Gotcha. Yeah, I misread your comment then. I thought you were suggesting that innovation here is stalled because the likes of abbott aren't incentivized to build it. My point was mostly that I don't think that's the case since there are other pretty large companies who would benefit from bringing a non-invasive monitor to market.
IDK that it's really possible to get accurate glucose measurements without at least a little bit of invasiveness. I don't even think the lifespan of the current CGMs are being artificially shortened. I do think they are overpriced. But my understanding of how they work (silver coating on the spike generates a voltage) it makes sense that they have a limited lifespan.
The telling part, to me, that they are overpriced is that finger stick glucose monitors come out to roughly the same cost per month because of test strips are really expensive. The fact the both manufacturers have identical pricing is also pretty suspicious.
The latest CGMs are definitely not cheap on the R&D side. The obvious implementation is really susceptible to interference from common drugs, which is a really expensive thing to fix. They're also trying to get wider adoption in the hospital which requires fixing similar issues with many different compounds. FDA is still quite tough on biocompatibility. They definitely are taking a good profit though.
Looked after my son who has T1D for now 5 years, checked keytones maybe 20 times.
Compared to blood glucose which we check look at every 5 minutes.
Maybe this is more for Type 2 or other diabetes, or for people prone to DKA.
Or it is for people with a working pancreas who think looking at their blood sugars (and now keytones) tells them something like soothsayers reading tea leaves
A CGM that has ketone levels is quite literally pointless. If you have a CGM in the first place you would know if your sugars were high enough for long enough to get DKA.
In diabetics, DKA is preceded by hyperglycemia. Meaning, a CGM would tell you earlier that you are at risk for DKA than a CKM, a CKM would only tell you after you got it. Hence grahar64 is absolutely correct that as far as we know now, this provides no benefit to people at risk of DKA that a CGM does not already provide. I'm sure there will be some benefits but its really not clear at this point.
Mate they won't understand. People generally are exceptionally ignorant about type 1 diabetes and also eager to fall for marketing gimmicks like this one. They have no idea what type 1 diabetes is.
For anyone who doesn't get it: glucose is checked every five minutes. It's a nightmare. Checking glucose is 1000 times more important than ketones which are almost never a problem. If you get accurate glucose readings you are highly unlikely to ever experience ketoacidosis in the first place. Before ketones become an issue, glucose has to stay high for hours. Abbott is using marketing tricks instead of improving the quality of their sensors. Libre 2 is absolute crap. Libre 3 is somewhat okay and sometimes even mediocre - which is still a pretty bad situation. Bad glucose sensor is a nightmare and it can kill a person or a child much likely than ketoacidosis.
No one asked them for ketones, except maybe their marketing department. People want higher quality glucose sensors that fail less often and are more accurate. Glucose sensors, not ketones!
Ketones don't come from nowhere, they come from your body breaking muscles down in a last ditch effort to control sugars after they are dangerously elevated for extended periods of time, I'm talking 500+ over weeks. It's sort of like adding a "your car has been completely out of gas for one week" monitor to your "gas tank level" monitor.
The difference is that these only measure blood sugar, while the new system also measures ketones, of keto diet fame, which are leading indicators of a really dangerous situation called diabetic ketoacidosis. It's treatable with a hospitalized IV insulin drip, but can be avoided if you have some advance notice.
My mom had T1D onset in her 50s. (It's usually thought of as a children's disease.)
She figured it out because she recognized the symptoms of ketoacidosis. That sent her to the hospital, which has thankfully allowed her to outlive her pancreas.
Diabetic ketoacidosis only happens in T1D, or when you have something extremely wrong going on metabolically (like failing organs, etc).
Normally it should never happen. It happens at ketones like ~10+ mmol, and it's ~impossible to go more than ~6 for a healthy human even eating 100% fat and fasting for a week+ and doing marathons or whatever all at the same time.
The keto diet, can actually help in T1D, by keeping blood sugar more stable overall, but you still need insulin, just less.
These are the same CGM technologies (Dexcom = Stelo and Lingo = Libre), just aimed at the over the counter "health and fitness" market.
This is not verified info, but I would assume these are either A) the exact same device, just with different marketing B) "binned" production runs that did not meet the accuracy threshold for clinical/prescribed use, but are otherwise "good enough" for someone looking to healthmaxx.
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Looked into the OTC ones and it does seem they’re binned versions. The failure rate appears to be higher too, which is more acceptable in a non life threatening device.
It also probably gives the companies really valuable data.
I think they are the same with some software differences. I believe that the sampling rates and tolerances are different. For example, dexcom displays 5 minute samples while the stelo shows 15 minute averages (it internally gets a new sample every 5 minutes like the dexcom). I think the official accuracy is a bit lower for the Stelo as well, although in practice it's probably close to the dexcom.
You should understand the difference between taking a single drop of blood and trying to run a battery of tests on it, and sticking a probe into your extra cellular matrix to continuously monitor changes. It’s small, but it’s having a constant shifting flow of fluid at all times so it’s getting far more than one drop.
Does anyone know if something like this is required to be approved by the FDA? Like if someone were to make one for the hobbyist/weight loss market, would that even be legal?
It depends on intended use. If it is to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent a medical condition then it is a medical device that may need approval. If it's not intended for anything medical, it doesn't need FDA approval. For example, clinical thermometers are class II medical devices, lab thermometers aren't medical devices at all. If the device were genuinely only marketed for general wellness, it would be exempt.
As someone who has to deal with type 1 diabetes every day, this is marketing nonsense. No one needs ketones in the sensor - we need high-quality sensors, and Abbott's are only mediocre at best. They are not as bad as Dexcom, which is appalling, but they are still far from the superior quality of Medtronic/MiniMed which measure glucose exceptionally well.
Ketones are rare. They can kill you, but before that happens, your blood sugar usually rises enough for you to realise you may have ketones and start using test strips to measure them. Instead of this marketing gimmick, Abbott should have focused on improving the quality of their glucose sensors which is far more important.
I tend to agree that making the sugar measurements more robust is worth more than measuring the ketones at all. However, low sugar and high ketones can happen. And just getting notified when ketones pick up can be worth something too. The additional measurement is not useless seen from my perspective.
As an example: I was on a study that gave T1D patients Dapagliflozin (Farxiga). During the study, while on a long hike, I was hovering at low sugar and consequently insulin supply was mostly cut off for an extended period. As I started to to feel unwell, I measured ketones. I was briefed as preparation for the study to measure ketones when something seems wrong. Otherwise I wouldn't have thought of measuring ketones. Might not even have carried the kit.
On that occasion, the ketones were way above 1 mmol/l: a very high value. Protocol would have required me to call the study doctor due to the high level. Since it was a Sunday, I spared her, shot some insulin, ate a sandwich, and continued my hike. I could do that because I was not alone on that hike. I knew that if my situation deteriorated, somebody would be around to call rescue.
At the study debriefing I mentioned the incident and they said that adding to the effect of the Dapa, I was probably dehydrated, which led to the rare situation of both low sugar and high ketones.
All in all I think that if the sensor makers exhaust possible improvements for the glucose, it can make sense to add the ketone measurement as a safeguard. Having high sugar can have many reasons, and it often takes me a while to get to measuring ketones. Getting the signal of rising ketones, I would react faster a few times a year in situations where my insulin supply is broken.
Yes, this is true. There were also news about some Americans rationing insulin due to cost. Their blood sugar levels were normal, but they had high ketones and unfortunately died of DKA.
When I got first diagnosed, we were given ketone urine strips and told to use them, with the advance of glucometers, we forgot about ketone testing.
I'm pretty sure this isn't designed to be marketed towards T1Ds and any benefits will be a happy coincidence. I think this is going to be aimed at health nerds who want to monitor their planned ketosis.
Ketones are only going to be present if you are exceptionally bad (very high carb diet) or exceptionally good (very low carb diet) at managing your blood sugar. It's not going to be terribly useful for your average diabetic who has fairly good control over their blood sugars.
Which makes me think the market for these is diet-focused folk. Get the FDA to clear it on medical grounds for a specific usecase then sell it more broadly.
This already happens with CGMs. The bulk of the sales is with people who want them for lifestyle monitoring even though they're only medically cleared for diabetes use.
It would be beyond stupid for a healthy "diet focused" person to want to use this. They're not at risk for ketoacidosis, and there is zero evidence that continually measuring ketones would be useful in any sense. That's different from the purported use of CGMs, which is to monitor for glucose spikes in response to specific foods (and even then, the evidence that monitoring glucose spikes in healthy people has any benefits is really thin).
If someone really wanted to measure their ketone levels there are simple urine tests that do it - there is no need to measure it continuously for healthy people. And if they want to see if they're in ketosis it's pretty easy to determine - if they're on an ultra low carb diet and their breath smells like shit, it's a good sign they're in ketosis.
> your average diabetic who has fairly good control over their blood sugars
I think it's huge for diabetics. It's a mental toll for them. They hate having to constantly prick themselves to take readings. It's awkward, inconvenient and you have to do it multiple times to be sure you got a good reading. And worse of all, it's possible to forget to take a reading when you should make one.
I don't understand. All of the diabetics I know personally (one type 1 and two type 2 diabetics) use continuous glucose monitors and have for some time, so they rarely need to prick their fingers anymore. Ketone levels can be checked with a urine test.
There's some difference in the readings of a CGM due to sampling different things (blood with finger sticks vs intercelluar fluid for a CGM) and taking a bunch of vitamin C (pills or in food) can throw the readings off. But I think one or two sticks a day to calibrate the CGM and in situations where readings seem off should be sufficient.
A measure which acts as a high and a low pass filter on a band of less risk which can be monitored by other means, or subject to improvements on measurements and narrow the central zone?
This is not correct. When someone with type 1 has an illness they can develop ketones while their glucose appears stable within range. This is can lead to death.
About once a year, when my son is sick, we need to monitor his ketones with finger pokes. When he has a stomach bug and can't eat, we have had to go to the hospital for a drip to allow us to give insulin and lower his ketone level. Having ketones on the CGM with glucose would have been very helpful.
When a young child with type 1 is sick and not eating or is vomiting, they are getting almost no insulin. My son's basal can be as low as 0.1U an hour. It's in these cases, where he has developed high ketones with glucose level around 90 mgdl.
I am a type 1 diabetic and this is not true, and an incredible oversimplification. And categorizing "very low carb" as "good" and "very high carb" as "bad" is bizarre and untrue. You can go into DKA on a low carb diet.
In my experience diabetics with high carb diets cannot control their BG very well and are chronically high or roller coastering, while diabetics with low carb diets can control their BG. "Law of small numbers" and all. But yes, you are correct, it was a simplification.
There are and have been continuous glucose monitors available for some time, and you can even get one if you don't have diabetes - I'm wearing the Lingo one right now.
All this device adds is a simultaneous ketone check, which is really only relevant to diabetics and not as much of a benefit because ketone levels are often checked with a urine test.
We came up with the idea of having a place where nerds could come together to hang out and learn from each other and we decided to call the concept "Hacker Dojo". I had a sign laser engraved in 2002 at a state fair to memorialize the idea but we didn't actually get to open a Hacker Dojo until 2009.
There's a conference room in it called Kaminsky.
Dan was not a very good roommate but man, his brain worked in weird and wonderful ways, and it was inspiring how he could just rabbit-hole on stuff other people didn't find interesting until he MADE it interesting and found things nobody else had.
I wasn't sure how specific to be in my comment, but I'm glad the people who knew him know who it is. Speaks a lot of the man. I'm also 100% ready to believe he was not a good roommate by the condition of his car ;)
While this 1/2 typology is incomplete, diabetic ketoacidosis is a phenomenon generally relevant to type 1 family of conditions.
Normally (even with pure type 2!) glucose-ketone levels move in opposition: to put it simply ketone production is activated by low insulin, which is activated by low glucose. Ketone bodies are then consumed instead of glucose or excreted and generally homeostasis ensures that ketone levels do not approach anywhere close to ketoacidosis levels.
In cases where insulin production is broken (Type I diabetes, monogenic diabetes, mody) despite exogenous carbs raising blood glucose levels ketone body production is still active, however in most cases glucose is the preferred energy source, which leads to broken homeostasis of ketones, ketones accumulating and resulting diabetic ketoacidosis.
Type II family is characterized by high insulin. Some call it insufficient insulin, some call it insulin resistance, but the result is that insulin remains high and ketone production low. Regardless if the person is nominally healthy or has insulin resistance, the only way to trigger ketone production is to get insulin low for extended period, which is caused by lack of exogenous glucose. So either ketogenic diet or full-blown fasting.
Advanced and prolonged Type II diabetes (even if treated with insulin) can cause insulin production to drop along with insulin resistance, so the patient could develop Type I-like symptoms and risks, including DKA.
Sorry about your friend. This kind of news hits very differently when you know someone who might have benefited from it. Hopefully continuous ketone monitoring becomes as ordinary and accessible as CGMs are becoming.
Understanding why children's pancreases stop delivering insulin in the first place, which remains one of the big medical mysteries, would be a huge breakthrough for preventative medicine.
What a remarkable legacy. I hope this technology helps prevent others from being lost to DKA. May Dan’s memory live on through the people he inspired and the communities he helped create.
People who know about and use continuous glucose monitors already understand what "wearable" means in this context. The devices are designed to be installed by the user at home, not by a specialist.
You're more likely to get a reaction to the adhesive that holds the device on your skin than the sensor filament itself.
Yeah, not being part of that market. I was viewing the headline more like an Apple Watch. That seems like the lick bait of the headline, it sounds like a new feature that will be in a watch or something.
I've worn one, you forget it's there fairly quickly. It really isn't a big deal. I wore it for a month (2 of them @ 2weeks each) and it wasn't a big deal at all. Ijust wanted to watch how my eating affected my glucose in almost real time.
just got the https://www.stelo.com/ device. Doesn't hurt at all to install under your arm. The applicator just does this big SNAP! when you press the button and the filament goes under your skin but it's painless and no blood, it's not a needle at all.
I am a founder and researcher at https://replica.health and co-creator of https://metabo-net.org. This is super exciting and cant wait to see what we can learn once large datasets of overlapping ketones + glucose + insulin data become available.
One point I discussed with other researchers at ADA this year: in theory automated insulin delivery does not stand to benefit much from ketone sensors, since diabetic ketoacidosis will almost always be preceded by high blood glucose, which we already measure using the cgm. It will be interesting to see what this ketone data is actually used for.
Ketoacidosis can also happen with stable blood sugars if you don't get enough insulin. There were people rationing insulin due to cost and some of them died of DKA even if their blood glucose was perfectly stable.
Another possibility of DKA with good blood sugars is when you are sick.
I think this data would be helpful.
Yea I'm all about finding the uses for this after the fact. However, it seems unlikely that people who are struggling to afford (or get insurance to cover) insulin would be able to afford a cgm or cgm/ckm in this scenario. Also not sure how it's possible to ration insulin and keep your bg stable, but I wouldn't put it past the most skilled T1s out there. In the sick w/ flu case, thats true, but then whats the treatment action? I still think euglycemia + DKA is an edge case.
To ration insulin you limit eating carbs. If you don't eat, you need less insulin.
Treatment for DKA as far as I kmow is to give glucose insulin and potassium.
For example if you have a stomach bug and can't keep down anything you are at risk of developing DKA even if your BG is normal.
The thing is how do we know we are starving the body of fuel. Most diabetics (me included) are told not to exercise if bg is higher than 250mg/dl, but that is it. We hit over 250 mg/dl frequently and sometimes stay there for multiple hours (infusion set problems, fatty food etc.).
I sometimes feel uneasy even my bg is okay and it had led me to panic attacks. Now when I think it could be raised ketones, or just anxiety.
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[ 0.29 ms ] story [ 24.9 ms ] thread(don't have a problem with that, but it's predictable)
too bad it's not "wearable" like a watch but that might be coming eventually too since Garmin has a patent on it
* https://the5krunner.com/2026/02/06/garmin-non-invasive-blood...
(btw Fenix 9 launched today but it's same hardware as Fenix 8 and no glucose feature)
Glucose and ketone monitoring seems a natural, more precise extension of that strategy. Isn't the point of carb-cramming to get more glucose into your blood stream, where your muscles can convert that into forward motion?
How? Like, what is the mechanism where this is useful?
More on metabolic flexibility: https://www.levels.com/blog/what-is-metabolic-flexibility-an...
Before buying one, just know that fit cyclists will appear glucose intolerant on a CGM. See Fig. 1 at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10933193/
The problems for these non-invasive options so far is they either too easily fail to work, are bulky/expensive, give very ballpark accuracies, or some combination thereof.
What areas do you have in mind outside of diabetes management?
Paying more attention to your blood sugar and acting reasonably to keep it in check isn't giving anyone heart attacks.
From the AI
> The concern was not that lower glucose is inherently bad. Rather, pushing blood sugar down rapidly and very tightly—especially with insulin and multiple glucose-lowering drugs—caused more episodes of hypoglycemia, weight gain, and treatment complexity. Severe low blood sugar can trigger abnormal heart rhythms and other cardiovascular stress. The intensive-treatment arm was stopped early after about 3.5 years because it had a higher death rate, although the exact mechanism was not definitively established.
Fasting and ketosis has nothing to do with tight blood sugar control. Your body manages blood sugar even if you're fasted or burning ketones.
[1] - https://www.glycemiccontrol.net/NICE/StudyDesign/NiceALGORIT...
The continuous monitor should help until you get the hang of the diet, it's a bit hard to maintain, but if it works, worth it.
That device helped a lot to switch diet habits.
There are also multiple types of diabetes, not just the generally-known Type I / II split, but gestational (affecting pregnant women), Type 5, malnutrition-related, and others. (See Wikipedia for a listing: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes#Types>.)
Other factors can also influence blood sugars, including infections, physical activity, and stress.
However, I can’t quantify any of these things, so it feels too abstract. If I was able to see numbers and real-time impacts of my actions, it seems like it would do wonders for adherence to various protocols.
It seems like it could also provide a warning signal if levels are chronically elevated due to diet and lifestyle factors, which would eventually lead to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes if left unchecked.
It would be interesting to see this technology branch out into monitoring hormones, minerals, vitamins, etc. For all of human history, the closest we've had to realtime monitoring is just our mood. It would be life changing for anyone to have this feedback.
Maintaining consistent glucose levels improves mental health, weight management, sleep quality, muscle recovery, systemic inflammation, cardiovascular health, and may even slow aging. There isn't much clinical data at the moment on how to use blood glucose measurements to control glucose levels outside of people with diabetes (there are lots of things that impact it besides just sugar intake), but there are definitely major theoretical benefits if it can be worked out.
Also, just reducing the incidence of diabetes would be no small accomplishment. About 3.5% of global disability adjusted life-years (DALYs) are due to diabetes. As of 2021 it was the 7th largest contributor of global DALYs.
if sugar gives you a headache, this may be related to a gastrointestinal issue (e.g. gluten sensitivity, dietary histamine sensitivity, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth possibly causing its own sensitivities...) The specifics of the cause in your case are between you and your doctor, but i'd like more people to know, especially since these sorts of problems disproportionately affect people with autism and ADHD, long a core Hacker News demographic, and most of us have trouble paying attention to everything our body is feeling in exquisite detail.
other signs of digestive problems in this area may include:
- a pattern of early-afternoon fatigue and brain fog (this is mediated by histamine, which in turn can be caused by a food allergy, a non-allergy food sensitivity, bacteria in the stomach that don't belong there, or the like)
- feeling generally flushed and hot after eating food (more histamine!)
- waking up in the middle of the night, ~4am, especially if you're feeling too hot (also a sign of excess histamine)
- often having an upset stomach, and lots of stomach acid
- increased sensitivity to heat or exercise (mast cell degranulation because your body is already on edge)
- generalized hard-to-place fatigue, brain fog, depression (the whole histamine-response pathway is shot through with various neurotransmitters)
- serious nasal congestion contributing to sleep apnea, and extreme fatigue
now, this is going to be different from person to person, but your doctor's not going to know anything's wrong if you don't tell them!
(and if something like this is the case, it's also the sort of condition that might sometimes has an instant miracle cure, because if you stop releasing the feel-bad neurotransmitters every time you eat, then you suddenly stop feeling terrible!! go figure.)
I assume that by this you mean figuring out some kind of dietary restriction?
I also struggle with a lot of those things (also ADHD) plus other inflammation-related issues (ezcema), and noticed a very specific pattern of fatigue during the day that improves at night. It's hard to tell what might be effective or not since keeping stability in my routine is a struggle, but I've mostly came up empty on explanations/solutions so far.
Bodies are fun.
I had really high carb tolerance but doing keto for many years has plummeted it and I'm very sensitive now (can still train it). Another example doing keto for many years you also have lower alcohol tolerance.
Wearing a glucose monitor for a while showed me that some veggies are worse than the usual suspects: 80g of rice with fish gave me a glucose spike higher than a Nutella sandwich. Other veggies, like beans, surprisingly low.
It is common knowledge in the vegan world to pair lentils with rice, as they complement (rice is low lysine, high in methionine, lentils the other way). Lentils includes fiber that lowers the glycemic index of the overall meal, but also rice eases the otherwise heavy digestion of lentils. They both pair in other micronutrients (iron, zinc, selenium, magnesium, potassium).
Try eating wholegrain rice.
Wholegrain won't do magic here. Glycemic index of wholegrain flours and wholegrain products (bread, cookies...), even sugar free, can be higher than foods made with regular grain. E.g. glycemic index of butter cookies is 60-70 (https://glycemic-index.net/cookies-pastries/ https://glycemic-index-database.com/foods/butter-cookies-flo...), for a wholegrain baguette is 75 (https://glycemic-index.net/baguette-whole-grain/).
Having been diagnosed with bipolar since 1997, when I began mainlining insulin last year I immediately took notice of how calm and docile I became. I have anger issues and taking insulin turned me into a lamb. I also immediately began sleeping peacefully and restfully, which had been elusive for a decade.
I currently take a calcium channel blocker for hypertension, and Metformin for the glucose, and I monitor with Stelo. But I would give anything for that calming effect of fast-acting insulin.
Early diagnosis would save a lot of pain and suffering... and money.
I worked with an older T1 and apparently a bit less than half of kids diagnosed with T1 are diagnosed unconscious during a DKA event in the ER. "Treatment" cost, or at least requested revenue LOL, is at least $30K for an ER visit like that, and it also costs at least some months (years?) off their expected lifespan.
Figure about 0.5% of the population in the USA is T1, you read stuff like "about two million T1 diabetics" in the USA. So early T1 diagnosis would save the country overall about $30B just in DKA treatment alone at time of initial diagnosis.
If you could screen an entire population for less than $30B total lifetime cost, it would be financially rational to prescreen for T1 rather than waiting for ambulances to present incredibly sick kids. And potentially profitable.
Prescreening the entire population for metabolic disorders is quite plausible as a "tech startup idea" as the alternative is waiting for them to arrive in an ambulance while extremely sick/nearly dead. Lets say it could be done for $10B, leaving $10B for startup profit (charge insurance companies $20B which is not bad....) and $10B in lowered health care costs for the country in general, not to mention less suffering in the population. A win-win scenario.
IF blood sugar related disorders could be pre-screened for less than $10B total cost. A solid "maybe"? Plausibly a startup doing blood sugar prescreening would be a "multibillion dollar company" although not a trillion dollar unicorn. Still a good idea.
For a closed loop we need insulin and glucagon in conjunction to keep the bg stable without user intervention.
Also, I agree--glucagon would be a useful thing onboard for T1d, but not really for T2d, because (as you know) the essential problem there is highs, not lows.
And I definitely agree about CGM accuracy: most people don't know that there's a significant margin of error in all CGMs. It's 'close', but not precise.
I'm a parent of a T1d kid.
There is an ever-growing bodycount in the NIO-GM graveyard [0], but I too hope that one day, it'll get figured out. My old roommate and good friend was T1 and monitoring one's glucose and remembering not to eat too much/little is half your life.
[0] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8655290/
Anyway, this problem, to measure blood glucose non-invasive, is solved now. A product should be on the market very soon. And while I am not involved anymore, I once submitted an SBIR grant application to the NIH with this technology. A specific item that this technology used would be a few hundreds bucks if produced in quantities. I also wrote this in the grant application. The examiner googled this thing, and a top-notch single item for lab measurements was 50 grand. Obviously, too expensive. So the thing I learned:
An idiot and Google are a very dangerous combination. Even at the NIH.
PS: Neither the start-up, nor their technology is mentioned in the paper. All the mentioned technologies have been tried and are bound to fail in my opinion. At least the examiner gave me a very high score on "innovative".
I am not involved anymore in the project but in another project. But if it interests you, I can point you to the publications and company.
Email: a50q40ju@anonaddy.me
Diabetics would snap up a smart watch which does accurate glucose monitoring in a heartbeat.
IDK that it's really possible to get accurate glucose measurements without at least a little bit of invasiveness. I don't even think the lifespan of the current CGMs are being artificially shortened. I do think they are overpriced. But my understanding of how they work (silver coating on the spike generates a voltage) it makes sense that they have a limited lifespan.
The telling part, to me, that they are overpriced is that finger stick glucose monitors come out to roughly the same cost per month because of test strips are really expensive. The fact the both manufacturers have identical pricing is also pretty suspicious.
Maybe this is more for Type 2 or other diabetes, or for people prone to DKA. Or it is for people with a working pancreas who think looking at their blood sugars (and now keytones) tells them something like soothsayers reading tea leaves
[0] https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/about/diabetic-ketoacidosis.htm...
For example, about 20% of that number is because someone is finding out for the first time they have T1D [1].
Insulin costs and monitoring costs are also going to be a pretty big contributing factor. CGMs and finger sticks aren't cheap.
IDK how often it happens that ketoacidosis happens when glucose appears to be fine, I assume it's pretty rare.
[1] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016882272...
For anyone who doesn't get it: glucose is checked every five minutes. It's a nightmare. Checking glucose is 1000 times more important than ketones which are almost never a problem. If you get accurate glucose readings you are highly unlikely to ever experience ketoacidosis in the first place. Before ketones become an issue, glucose has to stay high for hours. Abbott is using marketing tricks instead of improving the quality of their sensors. Libre 2 is absolute crap. Libre 3 is somewhat okay and sometimes even mediocre - which is still a pretty bad situation. Bad glucose sensor is a nightmare and it can kill a person or a child much likely than ketoacidosis.
No one asked them for ketones, except maybe their marketing department. People want higher quality glucose sensors that fail less often and are more accurate. Glucose sensors, not ketones!
https://www.stelo.com
https://www.hellolingo.com
She figured it out because she recognized the symptoms of ketoacidosis. That sent her to the hospital, which has thankfully allowed her to outlive her pancreas.
Normally it should never happen. It happens at ketones like ~10+ mmol, and it's ~impossible to go more than ~6 for a healthy human even eating 100% fat and fasting for a week+ and doing marathons or whatever all at the same time.
The keto diet, can actually help in T1D, by keeping blood sugar more stable overall, but you still need insulin, just less.
This is not verified info, but I would assume these are either A) the exact same device, just with different marketing B) "binned" production runs that did not meet the accuracy threshold for clinical/prescribed use, but are otherwise "good enough" for someone looking to healthmaxx.
The "real" device gives you what it measures as your real highs and lows while the OTC devices won't report high highs or low lows.
I have a Stelo (I was curious and diabetes runs in my family) while my wife has the Dexcom.
https://navid200.github.io/xDrip/docs/Dexcom/G7.html
It also probably gives the companies really valuable data.
Ketones are rare. They can kill you, but before that happens, your blood sugar usually rises enough for you to realise you may have ketones and start using test strips to measure them. Instead of this marketing gimmick, Abbott should have focused on improving the quality of their glucose sensors which is far more important.
As an example: I was on a study that gave T1D patients Dapagliflozin (Farxiga). During the study, while on a long hike, I was hovering at low sugar and consequently insulin supply was mostly cut off for an extended period. As I started to to feel unwell, I measured ketones. I was briefed as preparation for the study to measure ketones when something seems wrong. Otherwise I wouldn't have thought of measuring ketones. Might not even have carried the kit.
On that occasion, the ketones were way above 1 mmol/l: a very high value. Protocol would have required me to call the study doctor due to the high level. Since it was a Sunday, I spared her, shot some insulin, ate a sandwich, and continued my hike. I could do that because I was not alone on that hike. I knew that if my situation deteriorated, somebody would be around to call rescue.
At the study debriefing I mentioned the incident and they said that adding to the effect of the Dapa, I was probably dehydrated, which led to the rare situation of both low sugar and high ketones.
All in all I think that if the sensor makers exhaust possible improvements for the glucose, it can make sense to add the ketone measurement as a safeguard. Having high sugar can have many reasons, and it often takes me a while to get to measuring ketones. Getting the signal of rising ketones, I would react faster a few times a year in situations where my insulin supply is broken.
This already happens with CGMs. The bulk of the sales is with people who want them for lifestyle monitoring even though they're only medically cleared for diabetes use.
If someone really wanted to measure their ketone levels there are simple urine tests that do it - there is no need to measure it continuously for healthy people. And if they want to see if they're in ketosis it's pretty easy to determine - if they're on an ultra low carb diet and their breath smells like shit, it's a good sign they're in ketosis.
I think it's huge for diabetics. It's a mental toll for them. They hate having to constantly prick themselves to take readings. It's awkward, inconvenient and you have to do it multiple times to be sure you got a good reading. And worse of all, it's possible to forget to take a reading when you should make one.
Sounds bloody useful to me.
I presume you are referring to https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554570/
All this device adds is a simultaneous ketone check, which is really only relevant to diabetics and not as much of a benefit because ketone levels are often checked with a urine test.
Grateful we're moving forward on so many fronts in the world.
We came up with the idea of having a place where nerds could come together to hang out and learn from each other and we decided to call the concept "Hacker Dojo". I had a sign laser engraved in 2002 at a state fair to memorialize the idea but we didn't actually get to open a Hacker Dojo until 2009.
There's a conference room in it called Kaminsky.
Dan was not a very good roommate but man, his brain worked in weird and wonderful ways, and it was inspiring how he could just rabbit-hole on stuff other people didn't find interesting until he MADE it interesting and found things nobody else had.
I miss him too. What a gift he was to the world.
He is one of two friends to have passed from DKA. Miss you, Zach. RIP.
Miss pwning with you.
hack the planet.
Cheers to Dan.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/27/technology/daniel-kaminsk...
Normally (even with pure type 2!) glucose-ketone levels move in opposition: to put it simply ketone production is activated by low insulin, which is activated by low glucose. Ketone bodies are then consumed instead of glucose or excreted and generally homeostasis ensures that ketone levels do not approach anywhere close to ketoacidosis levels.
In cases where insulin production is broken (Type I diabetes, monogenic diabetes, mody) despite exogenous carbs raising blood glucose levels ketone body production is still active, however in most cases glucose is the preferred energy source, which leads to broken homeostasis of ketones, ketones accumulating and resulting diabetic ketoacidosis.
Type II family is characterized by high insulin. Some call it insufficient insulin, some call it insulin resistance, but the result is that insulin remains high and ketone production low. Regardless if the person is nominally healthy or has insulin resistance, the only way to trigger ketone production is to get insulin low for extended period, which is caused by lack of exogenous glucose. So either ketogenic diet or full-blown fasting.
Advanced and prolonged Type II diabetes (even if treated with insulin) can cause insulin production to drop along with insulin resistance, so the patient could develop Type I-like symptoms and risks, including DKA.
If root cause could be identified people wouldn't need insulin pumps and other complications anymore at all...
But this is what you get with modern midwits running around everywhere....
You're more likely to get a reaction to the adhesive that holds the device on your skin than the sensor filament itself.
Wearables ain't going anywhere but up.
One point I discussed with other researchers at ADA this year: in theory automated insulin delivery does not stand to benefit much from ketone sensors, since diabetic ketoacidosis will almost always be preceded by high blood glucose, which we already measure using the cgm. It will be interesting to see what this ketone data is actually used for.
Treatment for DKA as far as I kmow is to give glucose insulin and potassium.
For example if you have a stomach bug and can't keep down anything you are at risk of developing DKA even if your BG is normal.
The thing is how do we know we are starving the body of fuel. Most diabetics (me included) are told not to exercise if bg is higher than 250mg/dl, but that is it. We hit over 250 mg/dl frequently and sometimes stay there for multiple hours (infusion set problems, fatty food etc.).
I sometimes feel uneasy even my bg is okay and it had led me to panic attacks. Now when I think it could be raised ketones, or just anxiety.
Knowing the ketones would be helpful.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/11795514261431390