Holt's where we got my sister from. I guess they're one of the biggest Korean adoption agencies. Makes sense that the study was based around their data.
There are too many variables in the cited study to really draw a conclusion one way or the other. Just the ones I can think of off the top of my head
- Race plays a part. This study was done with Korean Infants adopted around 30 years ago when race played a much greater role in success
- Age at adoption plays a part. If there’s one thing that gets hammered into American parents it’s that nutrition during the infant years has an impact on a child’s life. If someone is, for example, malnourished during their infant years there can be severe physical and neurological consequences.
- Genetics certainly play a part. Let’s be realistic here, Intelligence is at least part genetic. I got As in High School without even trying while friends with more affluent parents struggled. Is there really anyone who doesn’t believe intelligence is at least partially genetic?
There are probably tons more if I spent some time thinking on it. Bottom line: The study proves nothing. Moreover I suspect the question of whether adopted kids can be as successful as biological ones is far too vast to really have a definitive answer.
All of the adoptees were infants. This information is provided in the third comment below the article. The actual comment is worth reading as it provides this and other details about the experiment.
The question is not whether adopted kids can be as successful as biological ones. It is a known fact that adult income is heritable, i.e., correlated between parent and child.
The question is, "how much of that correlation is due to biological factors, and how much is due to environmental factors?"
Note that both age at adoption and race were constant across the entire income sample. I.e., rich parents and poor parents all received infant korean children. So they can't really explain the difference in the graphs (which is not constant across the income samples).
Yes, but I'm not trying to answer the question I'm trying to refute what seems to be the graph's answer to the question (that biology plays a large part).
Also, I don't buy the "there were several different income level" argument. Sadly I can't find a reference on the web right now but I remember several studies from my anthropology class which said lower classes are more apt to adopt other races into their social structure (largely by necessity though it's alleged that upper classes have a subconscious desire to maintain their genetic line and hence shun those who seem different or inferior)
You are right, this proves nothing. It would be interesting to see the paper, but I am not going to pay for it. And the graph they provided does not prove much by itself. There are way too many assumptions to be made between the graph and the questionable conclusion.
In any event I have a lot of suspicion that most of the discrepancy comes from trust fund and other inheritance income or nepotism. Adopted kids very rarely get any trustfunds. The test kids are in their 20s and 30s and usually at that age trustfunds and inheritances are contributed by people other than the parents (grandparents aunts uncles, etc.) and those people did not adopt the kids and usually do not have that much involvement with them.
Furthermore, people that live large inheritances to their kids tend to be of the selfish gene type and those people rarely adopt. Rich people that do adopt tend to spread the wealth more to charities, etc. and do not give kids (whether adopted or not) huge inheritances. Large inheritances are rare but only a few of them could scew the data a lot.
Similarly nepotism goes a long with gene selfishness. And will have similar effects to inheritances.
In regards to your race statement, I agree with your intent, but it's not really race; it's about social and cultural perceptions of race. Thirty years ago things were very different for inter-racial families than they are now, and that varies fairly widely based on area. If they don't include the areas in which the subjects lived, their dataset is critically flawed.
My sister and I are both adopted, and she was adopted from Korea at around 6 months. She was an honor student every year she was in high school in Maryland, and she was just one of the girls; she was never treated any differently than anyone else because of her race. (At least, not that any of us noticed.)
We moved to Colorado, and her school performance took a hit. This was partially due to her being one of the only asians in her school, and standing out because of it. A wonderful example is how a pair of her peers bought her a bag of rice for her birthday. (I wish I was joking.) The social effects of her race impacted her school performance.
In my case, I've found out that my birth brothers aren't as successful or as educated as I've been. All three of us have ADHD, and all the problems that come with it, so it's not just biology.
In my (very biased) experience, we start out with a baseline derived from our genetics; our chemical imbalances and natural aptitudes. The positives and negatives of those are modified from the baseline by our upbringing, parents, and education. Then our social experiences shift that even further in one way or another.
Anyway, this study is useless on its own. If they did a comparison against Korean families adopting Koreans, and compared that to white families adopting whites, they'd have something useful. They MIGHT be able to successfully identify how much of the difference is related to adoption, and how much is related to race.
As is, it's an interesting but worthless data point.
Let's not kid ourselves here, inter-racial adoption is a totally horseshit dataset for this kind of analysis. There are way too many psychological variables and societal barriers that are unaccounted for.
Well, I think there is grain of truth in this research...
...but,
I measures only one variable, frankly irrelevant, without taking into account another one,which is amount of happiness these adopted kids have in their adult lifes for the amount of money they make. I mean, every person differs on scale how material he/she i, and that trait probably is inheritable.
For example, USA has rather low quality of live compared to GDP per capita, but Canada is opposite - gives better quality of live with lower GDP per capita. However Canada has less opportunity to become super-rich. So when people choose where to immigrate to, depending on personality the can make choice.
My point is - if these kids, who is as happy as their peers despite having lower income, that is very good, it means the spend less resources to "maintain lifestyle", less neurotic etc.
I'm a Korean Holt adoptee and some of the comments following the article are quite funny to me. My parents love me as much as they would any biological child. I think that we'd like to imagine that nurture plays are larger role in what happens, but I do believe what the article is trying to say. I was adopted into a lower income family and I have an MBA from a great school and am currently in med school. My income has been (after my MBA/before I started med school) and will be quite a bit larger than my family's. They did a great job raising me, but I didn't have all "advantages" (whatever they may be) of being raised in a more affluent family. A lot of who we are is decided before we are born. However, I do believe that our parents can help us to make the most of what we are given, whether they are our biological parents or not.
"The survey measure of family income is much higher for the non-adoptees than for the adoptees: $61,000 per year versus $42,000 per year. But this huge difference narrows to $1,600 when I control for age, education, and gender. "
19 comments
[ 4.8 ms ] story [ 57.9 ms ] threadhttp://www.nber.org/papers/w10894
but didn't see much there that would help me check for warning signs in experimental design and interpretation,
http://norvig.com/experiment-design.html
which I generally like to do. Does anyone have access to the complete NBER working paper or to a more thorough description of the underlying study?
- Race plays a part. This study was done with Korean Infants adopted around 30 years ago when race played a much greater role in success
- Age at adoption plays a part. If there’s one thing that gets hammered into American parents it’s that nutrition during the infant years has an impact on a child’s life. If someone is, for example, malnourished during their infant years there can be severe physical and neurological consequences.
- Genetics certainly play a part. Let’s be realistic here, Intelligence is at least part genetic. I got As in High School without even trying while friends with more affluent parents struggled. Is there really anyone who doesn’t believe intelligence is at least partially genetic?
There are probably tons more if I spent some time thinking on it. Bottom line: The study proves nothing. Moreover I suspect the question of whether adopted kids can be as successful as biological ones is far too vast to really have a definitive answer.
The question is, "how much of that correlation is due to biological factors, and how much is due to environmental factors?"
Note that both age at adoption and race were constant across the entire income sample. I.e., rich parents and poor parents all received infant korean children. So they can't really explain the difference in the graphs (which is not constant across the income samples).
Also, I don't buy the "there were several different income level" argument. Sadly I can't find a reference on the web right now but I remember several studies from my anthropology class which said lower classes are more apt to adopt other races into their social structure (largely by necessity though it's alleged that upper classes have a subconscious desire to maintain their genetic line and hence shun those who seem different or inferior)
Your hypothesis that richer people are more racist does increase with income, so perhaps that is the explanation.
In any event I have a lot of suspicion that most of the discrepancy comes from trust fund and other inheritance income or nepotism. Adopted kids very rarely get any trustfunds. The test kids are in their 20s and 30s and usually at that age trustfunds and inheritances are contributed by people other than the parents (grandparents aunts uncles, etc.) and those people did not adopt the kids and usually do not have that much involvement with them.
Furthermore, people that live large inheritances to their kids tend to be of the selfish gene type and those people rarely adopt. Rich people that do adopt tend to spread the wealth more to charities, etc. and do not give kids (whether adopted or not) huge inheritances. Large inheritances are rare but only a few of them could scew the data a lot.
Similarly nepotism goes a long with gene selfishness. And will have similar effects to inheritances.
My sister and I are both adopted, and she was adopted from Korea at around 6 months. She was an honor student every year she was in high school in Maryland, and she was just one of the girls; she was never treated any differently than anyone else because of her race. (At least, not that any of us noticed.)
We moved to Colorado, and her school performance took a hit. This was partially due to her being one of the only asians in her school, and standing out because of it. A wonderful example is how a pair of her peers bought her a bag of rice for her birthday. (I wish I was joking.) The social effects of her race impacted her school performance.
In my case, I've found out that my birth brothers aren't as successful or as educated as I've been. All three of us have ADHD, and all the problems that come with it, so it's not just biology.
In my (very biased) experience, we start out with a baseline derived from our genetics; our chemical imbalances and natural aptitudes. The positives and negatives of those are modified from the baseline by our upbringing, parents, and education. Then our social experiences shift that even further in one way or another.
Anyway, this study is useless on its own. If they did a comparison against Korean families adopting Koreans, and compared that to white families adopting whites, they'd have something useful. They MIGHT be able to successfully identify how much of the difference is related to adoption, and how much is related to race.
As is, it's an interesting but worthless data point.
LOL, it really makes me wonder how grown adults could put a child through such a twisted upbringing.
"The survey measure of family income is much higher for the non-adoptees than for the adoptees: $61,000 per year versus $42,000 per year. But this huge difference narrows to $1,600 when I control for age, education, and gender. "