The terminology is still a bit in a flux: The practise is usually called just Linked Data, and it builds on the Semantic Web technologies. The goal is a Web of Data that interlinks with the current Web (of documents). The W3C community project for publishers bootstrapping this web is called Linking Open Data.
Sound bite: Linked Data is the Semantic Web done right, and the Web done right. —Tim Berners-Lee
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[ 5.6 ms ] story [ 29.3 ms ] threadSound bite: Linked Data is the Semantic Web done right, and the Web done right. —Tim Berners-Lee
Recent academic review article: http://tomheath.com/papers/bizer-heath-berners-lee-ijswis-li...
My Linked Data related projects: http://irc.sioc-project.org/ (irc logging) http://smob.sioc-project.org/ (microblogging), http://fenfire.org/ (Linked Data browser/editor GUI) http://github.com/tuukka/arc2-starter-pack (app template)