The oil industry collapses and there isn’t sufficient alternative capacity, while at the same time the climate firewalls are broken. What an incredibly perfect storm.
Adopt modular nuclear reactors, and produce hundreds/thousands of them yearly.
Electrify transport.
Figure out how to get to a global population of 4 billion: ie massive family planning drive in Africa/West Asia encouraging 1/0 children. (Keep in mind this is just the population level from 1974).
Add “reprocess nuclear fuel rods”. Even once expended and removed from reactors there’s a lot of life left in fuel rods and reprocessing reduces the amount of waste that has to be stored long term.
> We have this, they just go in ships and submarines.
US shipboard reactors use highly enriched (93%, literally weapons-grade because it was originally produced for warheads) uranium, that's not really desirable to distribute throughout the territory.
Even "low-enriched uranium" in a naval context just below 20% (which is the official boundary between LEU and HEU). By comparison regular "civil" nukes use 3-5% uranium.
> Figure out how to get to a global population of 4 billion: ie massive family planning drive in Africa/West Asia encouraging 1/0 children.
Quick way to start a war, and not one that could be won without committing grave crimes against humanity which would obviate the need for such a policy to begin with.
> The proven way to reduce population growth is via economic growth. It has worked everywhere it has been applied.
After observing the impact the biosphere has experienced with developed countries and developing countries industrializing, do you believe it will support the same for another 4 billion people? My evidence that it will not is enumerated below.
I would agree that policies that help African women become as empowered and wealthy as fast as possible (which reduces the total number of children had [1]) would be the key to success, if done in a manner that does not increase per capita GHG emissions, meat consumption, and all the other negative impacts of per capita wealth growth. If Africa gets wealthy and pumps out CO2 and methane from autos, factory farming, fossil electrical generation, and clear cutting for ag production, that is not a net positive.
I mean, was he proven wrong? How many people face food and water insecurity daily (~2 billion and ~3 billion, respectively)? Life is not binary, it is a spectrum of quality of life, and hope is not a strategy. The damage we’ve done is clear (see my citations above), as is what we’d do on our way from 7.4 billion to 11 billion people (by 2100).
Population and resource contention are inherently linked.
We don't have the global resources or time to support mass industrialisation of Africa (1 billion people projected to go to 4 billion by 2100).
Its unclear if that's even possible given that some of these societies face serious issues in terms of equality for women, value of education, fair application of law, systematic corruption and tribalism, etc. Many of these problems are imbued in the religious/cultural bedrock of those places.
Look at what has happened in Afghanistan where after 20 years of Western intervention, the country has reset to its 'default' almost overnight.
We should view the level of development in Europe, NA, East Asia as the exception to the human condition, not the norm.
We need to just skip to the end game: education for women, contraception, abortion, incentives for having zero/one child, no food aid.
"societies face serious issues in terms of equality for women, value of education, fair application of law, systematic corruption and tribalism"
You know why South Korea is prosperous? It recieved more in development aid than all of africa combined
Currently only China is really investing in Africa. While issues you highlighted are serious, these countries were treated very unfairly economically. Do you know what it's like trying to trade with a western megacorp as an african farmer? Can you imagine what its like trying to get a loan to open a business?
- You can create electricity but how do you deliver it? The existing power lines, transformers, and other parts aren't enough. The grids need to be upgraded. This takes time, planning, and money.
- Many people don't have the income to buy new vehicles. Especially at the costs for electric cars today. They often buy low cost used cars. Low cost electric used cars often don't have range due to old batteries. The car costs aren't working for a large chunk of the population.
- Buses, construction equipment, worksite/home generators, and a lot of other things run on gas and we don't have functional replacements for them right now. Cars are the easy part. There are a lot of other gas powered things that are harder and still need viable solutions.
If we really wanted to do the environmental thing we'd focus on public transit. Moving lots of people at low costs and environmental impact. This would work for cities and suburbs. It would have a better environmental impact than moving people to electric cars.
The lack of looking at things holistically makes me wonder what the real goals are and for whom.
Modular nukes can mean lower need for electrical infrastructure, because they can power mines/military bases/towns directly without huge reliance on a national grid.
We can start by mandating EVs-only for vehicles priced $100,000 and higher, and lowering that threshold by $10,000 yearly. We entirely overhauled our manufacturing in WW2 with much less technical capability than today - we just need the political and social willpower (which I guess war provided).
Electric busses are already here. Those other uses require minimal levels of fossil fuels in the scheme of things.
Public transit is not attractive because its not point-to-point, and you have no control over the other passengers on your ride. Autonomous minibusses with demand-driven routes, private subscriptions, and passenger reviews are the solution. Or, just plain old electric scooters if we can get rid of enough street parking/car lanes and install bike paths.
"Public transit is not attractive because its not point-to-point, and you have no control over the other passengers on your ride. Autonomous minibusses with demand-driven routes, private subscriptions, and passenger reviews are the solution. "
They are not the solution, we cannot support this many cars even if they are all EV's. We also cannot support thia mich meat in our diet. The sooner people can accept that, the less pain it will be in the long run.
I agree with you and it is usually down-voted. We humans are way too selfish of a species to live sustainably with 9 billion. We really just need fewer people for sustainability. This is why I don't understand the plan to go to Mars. We have near unlimited resources here that we continually mismanage. How would we survive on a planet with almost none?
well harsh conditions breed ingenuity so it's probably a good offshoot and backup plan for human civilization.
Outside of anthropogenic climate change we know earth and humans can suffer catastrophes and extinction events from many other sources, so it's very wise to have redundancy.
I think your comment also brings up the "weak men create hard times" quote; part of the reason why many in the developed world seem to be floundering is probably due to our unprecendented safety and comfort
"I think your comment also brings up the "weak men create hard times" quote;"
This is a very silly quote that has been produced by a writer, there is no evidence for it and it was debunked hundreds of times. No self-respecting social scientist, economist or learned man of any kind would repeat it while sober.
Why 4 billion? Why is that the right number? Why not 2? Or 1? Or 8?
And, why Africa and West Asia? Why not, you know, everybody?
And what are you going to do if they decline to be planned according to your idea of how they should be planned? (Which I suspect they hare very likely to do...)
> Figure out how to get to a global population of 4 billion: ie massive family planning drive in Africa/West Asia encouraging 1/0 children
Why in those countries, when countries in the west that have already completed demographic transition aren’t even at that level and have policies that actively resist fertility rates that low.
Why not encourage development in Africa and west Asia, immigration in to western countries, and family planning in places where headwinds are much weaker (and where a shrinking labor force can be bolstered by immigration).
Are there any moral or ethical qualms about letting a population / culture die out via lower than replacement rate birth rates, and just importing immigrants to fill the void?
For instance is it problematic to just import Africans to Japan until there are no more ethnic Japanese left?
It seems like what you are proposing would just lead to the most developed nation's peoples just dieing off and being replaced with groups that are slowest to educate and provide a high standard of living for their women, which would be awful for human cultural diversity in the long term
In the full time span of human history, a 50-100 year of in development isn’t very notable.
Whatever you may believe to be a result primarily of culture, wether it be education, treatment of women or what have you, it is much more correlated to development status. Preindustrial Europe/Japan looked a lot more like Africa in those aspects does today than their modern status would seem to indicate.
Edit: also, where did I indicate we should get rid of ALL Japanese people? What a ridiculous straw man.
Respectfully, but your talking points are very common and very wrong.
> Adopt modular nuclear reactors, and produce hundreds/thousands of them yearly.
Nuclear reactors need fossile fuels to work (in the supply chain): To sustain nuclear you need to have a thriving militaro-industrial complex, which in all sorts of manner requires vast ressources which you must somehow buy (or steal depending or your political views) from global south countries.
The problem here is very simply framed: we've thrived on tons of cheap energy and now this source is tarishing. It's pretty clear there is no miracle alternative: nothing around us is going to have the same combination of cheapness, massive volume, energy density and ease of use (neither nuclear nor renewable). We can improve some alternative stuff but there's really nothing on the same level. That is a fact. Now if you're running short on something, you spare it. And in fact it's pretty practical. One should be blind not to see how a small part of the world is hilariously over-consuming (energy, raw material, food, investment). Knowledge has exploded and it's now easier than ever to build things that last. That are passive in energy during use, that are cheap to produce in terms of energy input and non-renewable material contained. This will of course be at expense of economic growth since it will drive consumption down. But that is actually what we need. Of course it needs cultural changes, but like seriously, who is satisfied with the current doxa? Trust in institutions in dominant countries is at record low, there is gonna be a (obviously more or less gradual) reboot, with changes in lifestyle and social order. So we better choose it instead of having it imposed.
> Figure out how to get to a global population of 4 billion: ie massive family planning drive in Africa/West Asia encouraging 1/0 children. (Keep in mind this is just the population level from 1974).
Ugggh. You and me are the problem, not some poor smuck in Nigeria or Bengladesh, who's energy consumption in a year is probably comparable to ours in a month. We're the one that are making them badly extract their ressources, who are paying for them to work, to whom they ship broken things, who are doing tourism in their countries. Think about it for one moment and then please stop using this colonialist talk point which is fallatious ("poor people reproduce uncontrollably"). There are numerous reasons for that to happen and our domination on them (past and present) is a big one.
Precision: of course we have to "help them" up their materialistic well being, and that encompasses having better healthcare support for women, contraception etc. But it's improductive and actually violent and authoritarian for us to do it directly and without giving away power, money and knowledge. And perhaps we could start by not hindering them to do so, like EU countries are currently doing with Covid vaccines (i'm saying Covid but this is routine mafia racket work which is pervasive in all industrial domains).
edit: i even forgot to answer to one of your points:
> Electrify transport.
This is a moonshot. For one, autonomous transport needs high density energy storage and has locality between source and use. Too bad electricity is like impossible to store directly and has as main benefit to be transportable quite easily over long distances. Our vehicules are designed for fuel, they just cannot be reused as is with such a different energy source. The one way electricity is useful for transport is if you manage to profit from its benefits: trolleybus and rail. Again if you go back enough in your assumptions and think about the real problem there's one solution which is always overlooked: scale it down and do less transportation ffs. Globalization has enabled some radically new stuff which need planetary scale to actually be possible. But these things are a minority: it's high-tech stuff. Let's ju...
"Ugggh. You and me are the problem, not some poor smuck in Nigeria or Bengladesh, who's energy consumption in a year is probably comparable to ours in a month"
Indeed, it is very dissapointing to see people talk about Africa as if it's the problem, while a single western nation consumes and pollutes more than the entire coninent combined.
"Nuclear reactors need fossile fuels to work (in the supply chain): To sustain nuclear you need to have a thriving militaro-industrial complex, which in all sorts of manner requires vast ressources which you must somehow buy (or steal"
Nuclear does not depend on any rare materials.
This is only true in a sence that nuclear requires heavy industry to build, and heavy industry depends on oil.
But so does production of train and bridges, solar panels and large wind turbines. In fact wind requires more total built infrastructure than nuclear does. We have to transition to carbon free industry either way, so I am not seeing how this argument works.
"we want to keep the worlds power structure and thus depend on a moonshot to make things work or do we accept to stop doing what has been central to maintain the domination of global north on global south and just do the easy obvious thing"
I think this is a big brain bug, people often reject ideas that challange existing power structures as just too crazy. The trouble is most do it without realising what they are defending and why.
I'd venture that the time to build is inconsequential compared to the environmental and design reviews - which is why bothering to build a small one doesn't make a lot of sense in the US anyway.
We need to be ramping up these immediately... and targeting production of at least dozens per year. Its the perfect industry for a country like the UK to pump money into right now.
When I was working in the utility space, the duration from identifying a need to commissioning a natural gas power plant was 11 years.
The state government subsidized efficiency and other measures to reduce peak demand just to slow growth and control price escalation.
Nuclear is a shitshow to build and realistically requires federal action. Similar to how the FCC declared 5G a national security priority and took away local government oversight of infrastructure siting, the Feds could do something similar.
Unfortunately, since the US has a political party that believes that political consent comes from control of geography, the coal mines and gas wells are better represented in Congress than people. The US will not be leading this transition, and we’ll be second fiddle to those who do, likely in Asia and Africa — as there is no alternative for them other than persistent poverty.
It drives a decline in economic growth through increasing energy costs. And no one is under the impression that removing our dependency on fossil fuel is going to make our energy cheaper. So if this model is correct removing our dependency on fossil fuel energy will drive down economic growth further.
We can't because we are consuming 6-7 earths worth of other resources already. We are already in ecological overshoot. If it was only oil, you'd be right, but all planetary resources and pollution sinks are being consumed.
According to the article, we we got 44 * energy input in 1950, and 8 * input in 2020.
Bad maths warning - I think this means that for a given activity that uses oil, say driving a mile, ignoring all the energy that went into the car etc. you're burning 12.5% on top of what you put into the tank. Whereas in 1950 this was only 2.3%. Seems like a noticeable chunk of efficiency improvements are cancelled out just to keep polluting at the same rate as before.
FWIW that's just CO2 - can't ignore other nasty stuff (like benzene - the stuff that people lost their shit when tiny bit was found in sunscreen) that reduced significantly.
People have been talking about 'peak oil' for years. It was predicted to peak about 15 years ago, at least in the US, but then the government started throwing money at the fracking industry (which as far as I know has never made a profit). This is not news for anyone who has been paying attention. If you haven't started planning how to live your life while our fossil-fuel based economy is collapsing around us, you should start now. Does you think that sounds alarmist? The EIA estimates about 80% of US energy consumption comes from fossil fuels [1]. And there are a large number of things we just can't do with renewables [2], at least not until we figure out how to store energy much more effectively than we can today. There are big changes coming. And I expect a lot of people are going to be caught unprepared.
Edit: If you disagree, please let me know why. I would love to hear why I'm wrong about this.
Like many Americans, we have a mix of electric and natural gas appliances. Historically, natural gas prices have been significantly cheaper than electricity prices, and that's an important factor to take into consideration when trying to estimate the lifetime costs of new appliances (mainly things that need to generate heat: stoves, laundry machines, water heaters, pool heaters...). Is there any reason to suspect that natural gas prices might rise significantly in comparison to electricity prices in the next, say, ~30 years? What resources might one look for in order to try to answer a question like that?
Is there any reason to suspect that natural gas prices might rise significantly in comparison to electricity prices in the next, say, ~30 years
Isn't that what's happening now?
I don't know what the cost difference is between heating from an efficient natural gas furnace and heating from an efficient heat pump, so I'm not sure if natural gas has exceeded the price of electric heating.
Fossil fuels are going, and big changes to the economy are coming. That part is certainly correct. Predicting doom, collapse, and chaos doesn’t necessarily follow, and there’s a schadenfreude risk that you might fall into some cognitive traps, like wanting the apocalypse to come so that you can tell everyone you were right, or so you can finally make use of all that tinned food and ammo you hoarded.
You’ll get better expected returns from working to avert disaster than panicking about it.
I think those of us who try to anticipate problems and prepare for them are often easily dismissed and or ridiculed. It's true nobody really needed their cold-war bomb shelters, and the TV shows about people doing bug-out drills to their fortified heavily armed wilderness compounds paint a picture that's hard to relate to. But the two problems I'm concerned about right now are way bigger than me. No matter how hard I try to avert disaster, we are going to continue to see increasing effects of climate change and oil supply depletions. It's hard to predict exactly when, but I expect either or both to be quite significant in my lifetime, and I'm not a child. As such I am trying to arrange my life so that said effects do not constitute a disaster for me. And if I'm completely wrong, and GE develops a clean Mr. Fusion reactor next week, and the Gates foundation figures out an easy way to remove 2-3 trillion tons of CO2 from the atmosphere, well then I'll enjoy my gardens and my hobbies and never think of it again. But just because I'm preparing for problems in the future doesn't mean I want them to happen. Don't worry about that.
It's interesting how a comment can be so differently interpreted depending on what you extrapolate from the term 'collapse'. It might conjur up preppers spouting about TEOTWAWKI, WROL, and SHTF as they lock down in their bunkers waiting for the bombs to drop. On that basis I understand your response.
But there is also much discussion on peak oil and climate change that apply 'collapse' differently, as shorthand for a simplifying of the economy and civilisation as a result of no longer having the cheap abundant energy needed to sustain the level of complexity which it has grown into during the age of fossil fuel extraction.
If (and it's a big if) you anticipate the fossil fuel boom ending without the advent of an equal or greater replacement energy source, collapse by the latter definition is a useful term to discuss what that might look like. It's certainly true that we have extensive supply chains, dense living, abstraction from the fundamentals of survival, and many aspects of our current way of living exclusively dependent on fossil fuel and petrochemicals. So it follow that without equivalent or better energy source to sustain those things there must come about, either by choice or circumstance, a simplification (or collapse) of many aspects of present-day civilisation.
Peak oil was communicated as some kind of sudden "running out of oil". We did not run out of oil despite the old oil wells going dry as predicted. We simply made new oil wells. We will not run out of oil but rather run out of energy because getting more oil out of the ground takes more energy than we are able to extract. So this process appears like it's an economic problem. Oil from new oil wells just keeps getting more expensive while alternatives keep getting cheaper.
No, the peak is that point of the curve where production begins to decline because it no longer makes sense to continue. I always heard it described in terms of EROI. And EROI is not an economic problem. It's an energy problem. If it takes more than one barrel of oil to run the machines to produce a barrel of oil, then it makes no sense to continue extracting. The remaining oil in that well will stay in the ground. Up until that point we can throw cheap money at producers to get them to extract oil despite the costs. That part is economic. But once you pass parity in EROI (or get close enough to it, really) it's not.
You could use Nuclear energy to extract oil. If you really need oil that could make a lot of sense. For example if you need it for chemical processes or as fuel.
The EROI is only a limiting factor if you look at all your energy sources combined. For example, Saudia Arabia (or rather Canada with their oil sands) could invest in Solar and Nuclear to keep extracting and exporting oil even though the EROI of the oil wells themselves fall below unity.
If anyone is interested in a good video explaining "Peak Oil" [0], "Shale Oil" (aka Fracking) [1] as it relates to what this article is talking about, I recommend checking out the links below. I don't endorse everything Peak Prosperity posts but their "Crash Course" is really well done in my opinion (both those videos are on the Crash Course playlist).
How do you propose one plan to live life without a fossil-fuel based economy? Bunker in the woods with 30 years of canned food? I'm not being facetious, just cannot even imagine where one would even start.
Brace yourself for the op-eds about "learning to live with less" and shaming people about their consumption / prosperity. Not that I am completely opposed (I try hard to reduce, reuse) but it generally rings hollow as a message from the upper class and media who we know will generally not make meaningful lifestyle concessions (but are happy to implore others to do so) and are heavily insulated from resource shortages
I'll be honest with you. I haven't totally figured that out yet. Mostly because there is still too much uncertainty to know exactly what is going to change and when. In broad strokes, though, my plan is to arrange my living situation to reduce my dependency on products I need but cannot produce and cannot acquire locally. I think food/water/shelter is a good place to start. Do you own your own home? Do you have a well you can use if the power goes out, or do you collect rainwater? Do you have gardens and know how to preserve what they produce, or is there a reliable small farm nearby? Without those basics other types of preparations don't make much sense. After that what will make your life comfortable? I like reliable electric power, so I think a solar power system with battery backup is a good idea. I like to stay warm, so I have a wood stove. I think all of these types of things improve my life even if I expected the status quo to remain unchanged.
I know humanity lived without fossil fuel for thousands of years before we found coal, but there were societal systems in place then that supported that type of lifestyle. We weren't all driving cars to big grocery stores filled with 10000 mile products [1]. And a lot more of us were farmers [2]. Hopefully as fossil fuel resources dwindle we can restore some of those older systems, or figure out better ones. But that depends on how fast the oil production declines. And if it takes a while to set up new systems you might need to provide for yourself in the interim. What to provide is up to you. What do you need and what would you not want to live without?
This sounds baselessly alarmist. Like yeah, we'll have to learn to live with less fossil fuels at some point, but it's not like a pandemic; there'll be years and years where we'll be able to collectively adapt. And since fossil fuel usage is already trending downward in the developed world (1), as green technologies become more efficient, it may well end up a rather gentle transition.
> But this is not because the earth is running out of oil and gas.
Well, it kind of is?
> Rather, it’s because they are increasingly eating themselves to stay alive. The oil and gas industries are consuming exponentially more and more energy just to keep extracting oil and gas.
i.e. we’ve drilled all the easy-to-extract (cheap) oil, and now all that is left is the hard-to-extract (expensive) oil.
The thrust of the article is still correct though: the answer is to redouble efforts to move to non-fossil energy sources.
Expensive oil might be the sense of urgency we need.
ONG is not just straight energy play, it certainly is the most important. Petrochemicals are pervasive and feeding 7 billion involves production of fertilizers etc.
Organic keyboards and Zero plastic displays may be a thing in 2040 but petroleum has touched every aspect of modern life.
> the answer is to redouble efforts to move to non-fossil energy sources.
No, the answer is to consume less energy. Reducing energy consumption (and consumption in general) is the only answer that's compatible with a sustainable future.
> As economists Professor Tim Jackson and Dr Andrew Jackson of the University of Surrey have shown, there is now abundant scientific evidence that the decline in EROI is an underlying driver of the decline in economic growth.
> This suggests that the last two decades of global economic turbulence are closely related to the global economy’s continued structural dependence on fossil fuels: a dependence that, if it goes on, will guarantee a grim future of energy and economic decline amidst mounting environmental crisis.
It argues that increasing EROI has led to decreased economic growth, and therefore we should switch to renewables before EROI increases for oil in order to make sure we fuel economic growth.
But it ignores how EROI decreases growth (mentioned in the article they link to), it does it through increased energy prices. But a switch to renewables is not going to decrease energy prices, if it did we wouldn't need to subsidize renewables.
Almost all of that figure is "breathing pollutants, and environmental damage". Not the government giving Exxon money. Which first off, I wouldn't really call a subsidy, and second, is unquantifiable. You can't tally up the cost of breathing polluted air as if it's a line item in a balance sheet.
For me, that casts some serious doubts on the accuracy of the $5.8T figure.
> But it ignores how EROI decreases growth (mentioned in the article they link to), it does it through increased energy prices. But a switch to renewables is not going to decrease energy prices, if it did we wouldn't need to subsidize renewables.
Renewables are still rapidly developing, and prices are falling precipitously. The subsidies are achieving their goal of funding and encouraging investments renewables and their rapid improvement. Every year the MwH price of renewables falls, the opposite is true of fossils.
Even now Solar and wind outcompete a number of fossil technologies on price. So your point is completely wrong and totally misunderstands the purpose and achievements of renewable energy subsidies.
>It argues that increasing EROI has led to decreased economic growth
Decreasing, not increasing. EROI = The amount of usable energy delivered from an energy source versus the amount of energy used to get that energy resource. So if we consume 1KwH of energy to make 20KwH of energy available, that's an EROI of 20x.
Your point about price is partially correct but what matters is the future projection. If fossil fuel EROI is only going down in future, that means price will only go up. If renewables EROI is projected to improve, stay the same, or even decline but not to the same extent as fossil fuel, then there comes a point where you want to be on renewables and away from fossil fuels. Since that transition takes time and re-aligns a whole bunch of major things in our economy and society, it would be foolish to wait for the cost balances to have flipped. And this is the purely economic argument, putting aside the climate change/environmental impact stuff.
Winters in Calgary regularly go to -20c at night with periods of -30 to -40c.
How will we able to heat our homes? I can’t imagine how much more electricity it would take to replace national gas, it could be many times our current electrical production.
> Approximately 49% of Alberta’s natural gas production is consumed here in Alberta. Alberta's residential and commercial sectors account for 17%. The remaining 83% of natural gas consumed in Alberta is used by the industrial, electrical generation, transportation and other sectors. Natural gas is also an important raw material for the province’s oil sands and electric power-generation industries.
It might force a switch back to bio based fuel sources (aka trees in some form) and actual work to increase insulation in the multitude of places that currently go ‘meh’.
Also a return of the proper coat as casual indoor wear?
The ‘beauty’ of hyper expensive fuel is most will happily do that over the alternative - going bankrupt and/or freezing to death.
And those cabins were always a minority over folks in the cities. Being able to afford to hire someone to bring wood or coal is different from just going outside and chopping down whatever looks ready. (Though really you need to season it, and that takes time)
It certainly isn’t everyone that is so poor that it is a concern, but Dickens used the theme for a reason.
Heating a whole free-standing house to comfort in long sleeve t-shirts and jeans (68F/20C) in a cold climate is a luxury that’s only a few decades old, especially taking into account how much average houses in the US and Canada have grown over the past century. Open floor plans are also a modern extravagance in cold climates.
Before that: smaller houses, closed off rooms, wearing sweaters inside all winter, sitting around a fireplace/stove most of the evening, and using thick down comforters half the year (if you could afford one).
Don't worry Canadian-bro. Texas has you covered. An alarming amount of the natural gas produced in the Permian Basin is flared or manages to sneak out of leaky fittings and tanks as fugitive emissions. We put off building out the infrastructure necessary to capture and use this resource because it was expensive to build and natural gas prices were low. Since our state government would never make a corporation or an industry self-fund anything expensive, there was never any money in the budget to build it.
We're doing the easy work of pumping the whole atmosphere full of methane so that everyone can stay warm, even our friendly neighborhood Canadians.
Moving to a district heating system that used a high efficiency combined heat and power system, that produces electricity and captures the waste heat, would substantially increase the heating efficiency of peoples homes. It would also substantially reduce the amount of emitted CO2. Doesn’t eliminate the use of fossil fuels, but has the potential to substantially reduce the environmental impact to something more sustainable.
This isn’t even a new idea, most homes in Russian cities are heated using district heating. At scale it’s so efficient that they don’t even bother metering the heat.
Additionally with a district heating system, geothermal, and ground source heat pumps start to make a significant amount of sense. Their both technologies the benefit significantly from very large installations.
New homes built to A++ standard need so little heating people are just opting to use electricity and use saved cash to build solar plant (provided your grid lets to store power long term).
How long are those periods where it gets colder than -25℃?
Mitsubishi's heat pumps with their "Hyper-Heat" feature are able to work at 76% of their capacity down to -25℃. If those colder periods aren't too long, a heat pump combined with good insulation might be enough to get through that.
A ground source heat pump may work well in that situation since it will run just as well at -25 outside temperature as at +25 -- with a COP of 4, it will use 25% of the electricity that you would have used with resistance heating, and at that point, it's probably better to burn the natural gas in a power plant than to burn it in your furnace.
Though it's expensive to install in an existing house, and needs a lot of land (or a well).
> Over the next decades, then, oil and gas investments will become ‘stranded’ due to three converging pressures: climate policies demanding that fossil fuels stay in the ground; plummeting demand as fossil fuels and combustion engines are increasingly disrupted by solar, wind, batteries and EVs; and accelerating “energy cannibalism” as the oil and gas industries, ironically, consume themselves into oblivion in the process of trying to keep going.
I don't buy it, because as demand for oil drops, the supplies that will be taken off line are the low EROI ones. So a drop in demand should actually reverse the trend of declining EROI.
It’s strange, the study was authored by researchers at INRIA, France’s computer science R&D institute, not the Institut Français du Pétrole (IFP), their hydrocarbon research institute which is part funded by a tax on petrol products.
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[ 3.2 ms ] story [ 167 ms ] threadAdopt modular nuclear reactors, and produce hundreds/thousands of them yearly.
Electrify transport.
Figure out how to get to a global population of 4 billion: ie massive family planning drive in Africa/West Asia encouraging 1/0 children. (Keep in mind this is just the population level from 1974).
We have this, they just go in ships and submarines.
US shipboard reactors use highly enriched (93%, literally weapons-grade because it was originally produced for warheads) uranium, that's not really desirable to distribute throughout the territory.
Even "low-enriched uranium" in a naval context just below 20% (which is the official boundary between LEU and HEU). By comparison regular "civil" nukes use 3-5% uranium.
Quick way to start a war, and not one that could be won without committing grave crimes against humanity which would obviate the need for such a policy to begin with.
We should be carpet bombing Africa with books, higher-ed, and investment.
No genocide necessary.
The only problem with this plan is that it is far too boring/liberal/naive for a significant portion of decision makers.
After observing the impact the biosphere has experienced with developed countries and developing countries industrializing, do you believe it will support the same for another 4 billion people? My evidence that it will not is enumerated below.
I would agree that policies that help African women become as empowered and wealthy as fast as possible (which reduces the total number of children had [1]) would be the key to success, if done in a manner that does not increase per capita GHG emissions, meat consumption, and all the other negative impacts of per capita wealth growth. If Africa gets wealthy and pumps out CO2 and methane from autos, factory farming, fossil electrical generation, and clear cutting for ag production, that is not a net positive.
[1] https://ourworldindata.org/fertility-rate#what-explains-the-... (Our World In Data: What explains the change in the number of children women have?)
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/topics/resource-library-h...
https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions
https://ourworldindata.org/fish-and-overfishing
https://ourworldindata.org/excess-fertilizer
https://ourworldindata.org/diet-affordability
https://ourworldindata.org/living-planet-index-decline
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/farmers-a...
Population and resource contention are inherently linked.
Its unclear if that's even possible given that some of these societies face serious issues in terms of equality for women, value of education, fair application of law, systematic corruption and tribalism, etc. Many of these problems are imbued in the religious/cultural bedrock of those places.
Look at what has happened in Afghanistan where after 20 years of Western intervention, the country has reset to its 'default' almost overnight.
We should view the level of development in Europe, NA, East Asia as the exception to the human condition, not the norm.
We need to just skip to the end game: education for women, contraception, abortion, incentives for having zero/one child, no food aid.
Unfortunately The Project For a New American Century did not include Predator drones armed with Kindles preloaded with Wikipedia.
I realize I am over simplifying this here, but Afghanistan was mostly a DOD project when it should have been State.
> We need to just skip to the end game: education for women, contraception, abortion ...
I can agree with this.
> incentives for having zero/one child,
This appears to be built-in to education and economic growth.
> no food aid.
I assume you mean the aid-based long term plans, which have proven problematic. Famine aid should be given in my opinion.
You know why South Korea is prosperous? It recieved more in development aid than all of africa combined
Currently only China is really investing in Africa. While issues you highlighted are serious, these countries were treated very unfairly economically. Do you know what it's like trying to trade with a western megacorp as an african farmer? Can you imagine what its like trying to get a loan to open a business?
- You can create electricity but how do you deliver it? The existing power lines, transformers, and other parts aren't enough. The grids need to be upgraded. This takes time, planning, and money.
- Many people don't have the income to buy new vehicles. Especially at the costs for electric cars today. They often buy low cost used cars. Low cost electric used cars often don't have range due to old batteries. The car costs aren't working for a large chunk of the population.
- Buses, construction equipment, worksite/home generators, and a lot of other things run on gas and we don't have functional replacements for them right now. Cars are the easy part. There are a lot of other gas powered things that are harder and still need viable solutions.
If we really wanted to do the environmental thing we'd focus on public transit. Moving lots of people at low costs and environmental impact. This would work for cities and suburbs. It would have a better environmental impact than moving people to electric cars.
The lack of looking at things holistically makes me wonder what the real goals are and for whom.
We can start by mandating EVs-only for vehicles priced $100,000 and higher, and lowering that threshold by $10,000 yearly. We entirely overhauled our manufacturing in WW2 with much less technical capability than today - we just need the political and social willpower (which I guess war provided).
Electric busses are already here. Those other uses require minimal levels of fossil fuels in the scheme of things.
Public transit is not attractive because its not point-to-point, and you have no control over the other passengers on your ride. Autonomous minibusses with demand-driven routes, private subscriptions, and passenger reviews are the solution. Or, just plain old electric scooters if we can get rid of enough street parking/car lanes and install bike paths.
They are not the solution, we cannot support this many cars even if they are all EV's. We also cannot support thia mich meat in our diet. The sooner people can accept that, the less pain it will be in the long run.
https://youtu.be/yiw6_JakZFc
Also, how much do you have to hate public thanspor that you'd rather rise a totally unsafe and uncomfortable electric scooter than take a tram?
Outside of anthropogenic climate change we know earth and humans can suffer catastrophes and extinction events from many other sources, so it's very wise to have redundancy.
I think your comment also brings up the "weak men create hard times" quote; part of the reason why many in the developed world seem to be floundering is probably due to our unprecendented safety and comfort
This is a very silly quote that has been produced by a writer, there is no evidence for it and it was debunked hundreds of times. No self-respecting social scientist, economist or learned man of any kind would repeat it while sober.
https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/02/hard-times-dont-make-st...
And, why Africa and West Asia? Why not, you know, everybody?
And what are you going to do if they decline to be planned according to your idea of how they should be planned? (Which I suspect they hare very likely to do...)
Why in those countries, when countries in the west that have already completed demographic transition aren’t even at that level and have policies that actively resist fertility rates that low.
Why not encourage development in Africa and west Asia, immigration in to western countries, and family planning in places where headwinds are much weaker (and where a shrinking labor force can be bolstered by immigration).
For instance is it problematic to just import Africans to Japan until there are no more ethnic Japanese left?
It seems like what you are proposing would just lead to the most developed nation's peoples just dieing off and being replaced with groups that are slowest to educate and provide a high standard of living for their women, which would be awful for human cultural diversity in the long term
Whatever you may believe to be a result primarily of culture, wether it be education, treatment of women or what have you, it is much more correlated to development status. Preindustrial Europe/Japan looked a lot more like Africa in those aspects does today than their modern status would seem to indicate.
Edit: also, where did I indicate we should get rid of ALL Japanese people? What a ridiculous straw man.
> Adopt modular nuclear reactors, and produce hundreds/thousands of them yearly.
Nuclear reactors need fossile fuels to work (in the supply chain): To sustain nuclear you need to have a thriving militaro-industrial complex, which in all sorts of manner requires vast ressources which you must somehow buy (or steal depending or your political views) from global south countries.
The problem here is very simply framed: we've thrived on tons of cheap energy and now this source is tarishing. It's pretty clear there is no miracle alternative: nothing around us is going to have the same combination of cheapness, massive volume, energy density and ease of use (neither nuclear nor renewable). We can improve some alternative stuff but there's really nothing on the same level. That is a fact. Now if you're running short on something, you spare it. And in fact it's pretty practical. One should be blind not to see how a small part of the world is hilariously over-consuming (energy, raw material, food, investment). Knowledge has exploded and it's now easier than ever to build things that last. That are passive in energy during use, that are cheap to produce in terms of energy input and non-renewable material contained. This will of course be at expense of economic growth since it will drive consumption down. But that is actually what we need. Of course it needs cultural changes, but like seriously, who is satisfied with the current doxa? Trust in institutions in dominant countries is at record low, there is gonna be a (obviously more or less gradual) reboot, with changes in lifestyle and social order. So we better choose it instead of having it imposed.
> Figure out how to get to a global population of 4 billion: ie massive family planning drive in Africa/West Asia encouraging 1/0 children. (Keep in mind this is just the population level from 1974).
Ugggh. You and me are the problem, not some poor smuck in Nigeria or Bengladesh, who's energy consumption in a year is probably comparable to ours in a month. We're the one that are making them badly extract their ressources, who are paying for them to work, to whom they ship broken things, who are doing tourism in their countries. Think about it for one moment and then please stop using this colonialist talk point which is fallatious ("poor people reproduce uncontrollably"). There are numerous reasons for that to happen and our domination on them (past and present) is a big one.
Precision: of course we have to "help them" up their materialistic well being, and that encompasses having better healthcare support for women, contraception etc. But it's improductive and actually violent and authoritarian for us to do it directly and without giving away power, money and knowledge. And perhaps we could start by not hindering them to do so, like EU countries are currently doing with Covid vaccines (i'm saying Covid but this is routine mafia racket work which is pervasive in all industrial domains).
edit: i even forgot to answer to one of your points:
> Electrify transport.
This is a moonshot. For one, autonomous transport needs high density energy storage and has locality between source and use. Too bad electricity is like impossible to store directly and has as main benefit to be transportable quite easily over long distances. Our vehicules are designed for fuel, they just cannot be reused as is with such a different energy source. The one way electricity is useful for transport is if you manage to profit from its benefits: trolleybus and rail. Again if you go back enough in your assumptions and think about the real problem there's one solution which is always overlooked: scale it down and do less transportation ffs. Globalization has enabled some radically new stuff which need planetary scale to actually be possible. But these things are a minority: it's high-tech stuff. Let's ju...
Indeed, it is very dissapointing to see people talk about Africa as if it's the problem, while a single western nation consumes and pollutes more than the entire coninent combined.
"Nuclear reactors need fossile fuels to work (in the supply chain): To sustain nuclear you need to have a thriving militaro-industrial complex, which in all sorts of manner requires vast ressources which you must somehow buy (or steal"
Nuclear does not depend on any rare materials.
This is only true in a sence that nuclear requires heavy industry to build, and heavy industry depends on oil.
But so does production of train and bridges, solar panels and large wind turbines. In fact wind requires more total built infrastructure than nuclear does. We have to transition to carbon free industry either way, so I am not seeing how this argument works.
"we want to keep the worlds power structure and thus depend on a moonshot to make things work or do we accept to stop doing what has been central to maintain the domination of global north on global south and just do the easy obvious thing"
I think this is a big brain bug, people often reject ideas that challange existing power structures as just too crazy. The trouble is most do it without realising what they are defending and why.
Asking because I have no idea and would love to know from someone who has some insight/experience on that front.
https://www.rolls-royce.com/innovation/small-modular-reactor...
We need to be ramping up these immediately... and targeting production of at least dozens per year. Its the perfect industry for a country like the UK to pump money into right now.
The state government subsidized efficiency and other measures to reduce peak demand just to slow growth and control price escalation.
Nuclear is a shitshow to build and realistically requires federal action. Similar to how the FCC declared 5G a national security priority and took away local government oversight of infrastructure siting, the Feds could do something similar.
Unfortunately, since the US has a political party that believes that political consent comes from control of geography, the coal mines and gas wells are better represented in Congress than people. The US will not be leading this transition, and we’ll be second fiddle to those who do, likely in Asia and Africa — as there is no alternative for them other than persistent poverty.
If we can remove our dependency on fossil fuel energy, then we can turn around economic growth models which is really exciting.
https://www.amazon.com/Limits-Growth-Donella-H-Meadows/dp/19...
Bad maths warning - I think this means that for a given activity that uses oil, say driving a mile, ignoring all the energy that went into the car etc. you're burning 12.5% on top of what you put into the tank. Whereas in 1950 this was only 2.3%. Seems like a noticeable chunk of efficiency improvements are cancelled out just to keep polluting at the same rate as before.
Edit: If you disagree, please let me know why. I would love to hear why I'm wrong about this.
1. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=45096 2. https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1114
Isn't that what's happening now?
I don't know what the cost difference is between heating from an efficient natural gas furnace and heating from an efficient heat pump, so I'm not sure if natural gas has exceeded the price of electric heating.
https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/09/natural-gas-prices-are-risin...
You’ll get better expected returns from working to avert disaster than panicking about it.
But there is also much discussion on peak oil and climate change that apply 'collapse' differently, as shorthand for a simplifying of the economy and civilisation as a result of no longer having the cheap abundant energy needed to sustain the level of complexity which it has grown into during the age of fossil fuel extraction.
If (and it's a big if) you anticipate the fossil fuel boom ending without the advent of an equal or greater replacement energy source, collapse by the latter definition is a useful term to discuss what that might look like. It's certainly true that we have extensive supply chains, dense living, abstraction from the fundamentals of survival, and many aspects of our current way of living exclusively dependent on fossil fuel and petrochemicals. So it follow that without equivalent or better energy source to sustain those things there must come about, either by choice or circumstance, a simplification (or collapse) of many aspects of present-day civilisation.
The EROI is only a limiting factor if you look at all your energy sources combined. For example, Saudia Arabia (or rather Canada with their oil sands) could invest in Solar and Nuclear to keep extracting and exporting oil even though the EROI of the oil wells themselves fall below unity.
[0] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0uKihKkx0eY&list=PLRgTUN1zz_...
[1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xliyZMPJvjk&list=PLRgTUN1zz_...
I know humanity lived without fossil fuel for thousands of years before we found coal, but there were societal systems in place then that supported that type of lifestyle. We weren't all driving cars to big grocery stores filled with 10000 mile products [1]. And a lot more of us were farmers [2]. Hopefully as fossil fuel resources dwindle we can restore some of those older systems, or figure out better ones. But that depends on how fast the oil production declines. And if it takes a while to set up new systems you might need to provide for yourself in the interim. What to provide is up to you. What do you need and what would you not want to live without?
1. https://cuesa.org/learn/how-far-does-your-food-travel-get-yo...
2. https://www.vox.com/a/explain-food-america
1 - for example, in the US: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/images/2021.07.06/chart2.s...
This looks like the new normal is that fossil fuel usage drops in a recession, then stabilizes after.
Well, it kind of is?
> Rather, it’s because they are increasingly eating themselves to stay alive. The oil and gas industries are consuming exponentially more and more energy just to keep extracting oil and gas.
i.e. we’ve drilled all the easy-to-extract (cheap) oil, and now all that is left is the hard-to-extract (expensive) oil.
The thrust of the article is still correct though: the answer is to redouble efforts to move to non-fossil energy sources.
Expensive oil might be the sense of urgency we need.
Organic keyboards and Zero plastic displays may be a thing in 2040 but petroleum has touched every aspect of modern life.
No, the answer is to consume less energy. Reducing energy consumption (and consumption in general) is the only answer that's compatible with a sustainable future.
> As economists Professor Tim Jackson and Dr Andrew Jackson of the University of Surrey have shown, there is now abundant scientific evidence that the decline in EROI is an underlying driver of the decline in economic growth.
> This suggests that the last two decades of global economic turbulence are closely related to the global economy’s continued structural dependence on fossil fuels: a dependence that, if it goes on, will guarantee a grim future of energy and economic decline amidst mounting environmental crisis.
It argues that increasing EROI has led to decreased economic growth, and therefore we should switch to renewables before EROI increases for oil in order to make sure we fuel economic growth.
But it ignores how EROI decreases growth (mentioned in the article they link to), it does it through increased energy prices. But a switch to renewables is not going to decrease energy prices, if it did we wouldn't need to subsidize renewables.
According to IMF report, in 2020 fossil fuel industries received $5.9 trillion in direct and indirect subsidies.
Not a typo. $5.9 TRILLION
You're partially right: we wouldn't need to subsidize renewables if they were playing on even field.
But they are not. Fossil fuels receive orders of magnitude more subsidies.
And things would be even more in favor of renewables if we addressed externalized costs (BP oil spill and such) by doing e.g. carbon tax.
https://cleantechnica.com/2021/10/19/oil-coal-gas-got-5-9-tr...
For me, that casts some serious doubts on the accuracy of the $5.8T figure.
Renewables are still rapidly developing, and prices are falling precipitously. The subsidies are achieving their goal of funding and encouraging investments renewables and their rapid improvement. Every year the MwH price of renewables falls, the opposite is true of fossils.
Even now Solar and wind outcompete a number of fossil technologies on price. So your point is completely wrong and totally misunderstands the purpose and achievements of renewable energy subsidies.
Decreasing, not increasing. EROI = The amount of usable energy delivered from an energy source versus the amount of energy used to get that energy resource. So if we consume 1KwH of energy to make 20KwH of energy available, that's an EROI of 20x.
Your point about price is partially correct but what matters is the future projection. If fossil fuel EROI is only going down in future, that means price will only go up. If renewables EROI is projected to improve, stay the same, or even decline but not to the same extent as fossil fuel, then there comes a point where you want to be on renewables and away from fossil fuels. Since that transition takes time and re-aligns a whole bunch of major things in our economy and society, it would be foolish to wait for the cost balances to have flipped. And this is the purely economic argument, putting aside the climate change/environmental impact stuff.
How will we able to heat our homes? I can’t imagine how much more electricity it would take to replace national gas, it could be many times our current electrical production.
https://www.alberta.ca/natural-gas-overview.aspx
You're gonna be fine.
Also a return of the proper coat as casual indoor wear?
Can you honestly see droves of people doing this by choice? I can't.
When was a proper coat last casual indoor wear? 200 years ago it wasn't. In a cabin with a fireplace you don't need this.
If it's either that or dying I can see most people choosing the former.
And those cabins were always a minority over folks in the cities. Being able to afford to hire someone to bring wood or coal is different from just going outside and chopping down whatever looks ready. (Though really you need to season it, and that takes time)
It certainly isn’t everyone that is so poor that it is a concern, but Dickens used the theme for a reason.
Before that: smaller houses, closed off rooms, wearing sweaters inside all winter, sitting around a fireplace/stove most of the evening, and using thick down comforters half the year (if you could afford one).
Insulation and design standards need to be stepped up, with passivhaus the standard if it isn't already.
This is already done in Russia
Don't worry Canadian-bro. Texas has you covered. An alarming amount of the natural gas produced in the Permian Basin is flared or manages to sneak out of leaky fittings and tanks as fugitive emissions. We put off building out the infrastructure necessary to capture and use this resource because it was expensive to build and natural gas prices were low. Since our state government would never make a corporation or an industry self-fund anything expensive, there was never any money in the budget to build it.
We're doing the easy work of pumping the whole atmosphere full of methane so that everyone can stay warm, even our friendly neighborhood Canadians.
/s of course.
This isn’t even a new idea, most homes in Russian cities are heated using district heating. At scale it’s so efficient that they don’t even bother metering the heat.
Additionally with a district heating system, geothermal, and ground source heat pumps start to make a significant amount of sense. Their both technologies the benefit significantly from very large installations.
New homes built to A++ standard need so little heating people are just opting to use electricity and use saved cash to build solar plant (provided your grid lets to store power long term).
Mitsubishi's heat pumps with their "Hyper-Heat" feature are able to work at 76% of their capacity down to -25℃. If those colder periods aren't too long, a heat pump combined with good insulation might be enough to get through that.
Though it's expensive to install in an existing house, and needs a lot of land (or a well).
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_house
I don't buy it, because as demand for oil drops, the supplies that will be taken off line are the low EROI ones. So a drop in demand should actually reverse the trend of declining EROI.
https://www.reddit.com/r/futurology/comments/qd76xt [2021-10-22] (376 comments)
https://www.reddit.com/r/economics/comments/qd6p6n [2021-10-22] (74 comments)
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