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Decades ago we used a much simpler method. A few 50 or 75 ohm non-inductive resistors and a tunnel diode.

Feed any (slow) pulse generator into the diode and make it switch. Tunnel diodes can have sub-nanosecond switching times.

We also used this technique to check/measure the rise times of our oscilloscopes.

Great article! aside: I've never seen Stack Exchange used as a blogpost medium (which normally this kind of write-up would be) and I like it! It's still formatted as Q&A so people with the same question can find it, and what's more, suggest edits or write alternative solutions (as OP explicitly invites here) on equal footing themselves. A collaborative quest for the answer, but not anonymized like a wiki.
The real gem is the answer at the bottom about doing the same thing with a bit of transmission line you treat as a capacitor.
Any recommended resources for learning the first principles required to understand this and all the components involved?
An Electrical Engineering course, or a book on practical circuit design.
For transmission lines: _Similarities of Wave Behavior_, presented by Dr. J. N. Shier (of Bell Labs fame, and whose team invented the phototransistor):

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DovunOxlY1k

It's an easy thing to watch at any level, with both brilliant practical demonstrations and supporting math provided.

W2AEW on YouTube was one of my introductions to high-speed analog electronics (and I had the pleasure of working with him later on).